Chapter 11 Vocabulary
amīca, -ae, f., friend
dē (+abl.), about, concerning; down from dīligenter, diligently, carefully doceō, docēre, to teach ego, I fortāsse, perhaps Latīna, Latin lingua, -ae, f., tongue, language māne, in the morning mātrōna, -ae. f., matron |
mea, my
nōs, we nostra, our salveō, salvēre, to be well, be in good health sevēra, severe studeō, studēre, to be eager; study tū, you (singular) tua, your (singular) vestra, your (plural) vōs, you all |
Chapter 11 Derivatives
amīca: amity, amicable, amiable
dīligenter: diligent, diligence docēre: docile, doctor |
lingua: bilingual, multilingual, linguist, language
sevēra: severe, severity, persevere |
TULLIA, MAGISTRA FĪLIĀRUM I
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Latin Text
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Part I: Tullia Cornēliam et Secundam linguam Latīnam docet. Tullia sevēra magistra est; itaque puellae dīligenter student. "Ego sum (I am) fēmina. Ego sum mātrōna Rōmāna. Tū (You), Cornēlia, es (are) puella. Tū es fīlia mea. Secunda quoque est puella Rōmāna. Secunda est parva fīlia mea. Sum matrōna Rōmāna; es fīlia mea; Secunda est parva fīlia mea." Part II: "Sum incola Rōmae. Tū, Cornēlia, quoque es incola Rōmae. Ego et tū sumus (are) incolae Rōmae. Nōs (We) sumus laetae. Tū, Cornēlia, es fīlia mea. Tū quoque, Secunda, es fīlia mea. Võs (You all), puellae, estis (are) fīliae meae. Estis puellae cārae. Lucia est fīlia Camillae. Tertia est parva fīlia Camillae. Lucia et Tertia sunt fīliae Camillae." Part I: Tullia Cornēliam et Secundam linguam Latīnam docet. Tullia sevēra magistra est; itaque puellae dīligenter student. "Ego sum (I am) fēmina. Ego sum mātrōna Rōmāna. Tū (You), Cornēlia, es (are) puella. Tū es fīlia mea. Secunda quoque est puella Rōmāna. Secunda est parva fīlia mea. Sum matrōna Rōmāna; es fīlia mea; Secunda est parva fīlia mea." Part II: "Sum incola Rōmae. Tū, Cornēlia, quoque es incola Rōmae. Ego et tū sumus (are) incolae Rōmae. Nōs (We) sumus laetae. Tū, Cornēlia, es fīlia mea. Tū quoque, Secunda, es fīlia mea. Võs (You all), puellae, estis (are) fīliae meae. Estis puellae cārae. Lucia est fīlia Camillae. Tertia est parva fīlia Camillae. Lucia et Tertia sunt fīliae Camillae." |
Translation Video |
TULLIA, MAGISTRA FĪLIĀRUM I: Responde Latine
Part I:
1. Quis sum? 2. Quis es Cornēlia? 3. Quis est Secunda? 4. Quis es Secunda? 5. Quis est Cornēlia? 6 Quis est Tullia? |
Part II:
1. Quis sum? 2. Quis es? 3. Estisne incolae Rōmae? 4. Nõnne sumus laetae, Tullia? 5. Cuius fīliae sunt Lucia et Tertia? |
TULLIA, MAGISTRA FĪLIĀRUM I: Discussion
- When ego is the subject what verb form is used? When tū is the subject what verb form is used? When nos is the subject what is the verb form? When võs is the subject what is the verb form?
- A verb in Latin has different forms to indicate whether the subject is speaking, is spoken to, or is spoken of. The listing of these forms in order is called conjugation. Conjugation exists to some extent in English, as we say "I am, you are, he is." In the plural, however, there is only one form in English, are; whereas you have seen in Tullia, Magistra Filiārum I that in Latin there are three different endings in the plural, just as there are in the singular.
- Memorize the following forms of the present tense of sum, and the translations. Remember that the form est can mean she is or it is in addition to the meanings given:
TULLIA, MAGISTRA FĪLIĀRUM II
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Latin Text
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"Nōnne rōsae sunt pulchrae, fīliae meae? Manē ego in vīllam rosās portō. Tū, Cornēliā, aquam portās. Secundā quoque aquam portat. Tum nōs rōsās ad statuās deārum portāmus et statuās ōrnāmus. Vōs puellae rubrās rosās amātis et vestrās rosās rubrās ad Diānae statuam portātis. Cotīdiē agricolae corbulās plēnās rosārum ad vīllam nostram portant. Ego rosās libenter cūrō. "Nōnne corōnae rosārum pulchrae sunt, puellae? Vidēsne corōnam rosārum albārum, Cornēlia? "Corōnam videō, Tullia. Nõnne est pulchra?" "Videtne dea Diāna corōnās, Tullia?" "Certē, mea fīlia parva! Deae omnia (everything) vident." "Sed nōs deās nōn vidēmus." "Vōs, puellae, deās nōn vidētis quod deae in terrā nōn habitant." Nōtā bene: Omnia, everything; literally, all things "Nōnne rōsae sunt pulchrae, fīliae meae? Manē ego in vīllam rosās portō. Tū, Cornēliā, aquam portās. Secundā quoque aquam portat. Tum nōs rōsās ad statuās deārum portāmus et statuās ōrnāmus. Vōs puellae rubrās rosās amātis et vestrās rosās rubrās ad Diānae statuam portātis. Cotīdiē agricolae corbulās plēnās rosārum ad vīllam nostram portant. Ego rosās libenter cūrō. "Nōnne corōnae rosārum pulchrae sunt, puellae? Vidēsne corōnam rosārum albārum, Cornēlia? "Corōnam videō, Tullia. Nõnne est pulchra?" "Videtne dea Diāna corōnās, Tullia?" "Certē, mea fīlia parva! Deae omnia (everything) vident." "Sed nōs deās nōn vidēmus." "Vōs, puellae, deās nōn vidētis quod deae in terrā nōn habitant." Nōtā bene: Omnia, everything; literally, all things |
Translation Video |
TULLIA, MAGISTRA FĪLIĀRUM II: Responde Latine
1. Quō manē rosās portō?
2. Quid portās, Cornēlia? 3. Quid Secunda quoque portat? 4. Quid ad statuās deārum portāmus? 5. Quālēs rosās ad Diānae statuam portātis? 6. Quid agricolae ad vīllam nostram portant? |
7. Quid vidēs, Cornēlia?
8. Num corōnam rosārum rubrārum videō? 9. Nõnne dea Diānā corānās videt? 10. Videntne deae omnia? 11. Num deās vidēmus? 12. Cūr vōs puellae deās nōn vidētis? |
TULLIA, MAGISTRA FĪLIĀRUM II: Discussion
- In the sentence Māne ego rosās in villam porto, what is the subject? What is the ending of the verb when ego is the subject? Find a sentence in the story in which tū is the subject. What is the ending of the verb in this sentence? When nõs is the subject what is the ending of the verb? What is the ending of the verb when võs is the subject? These endings show in what person the verb is, and they are called the personal endings. They should be memorized, as in the following paradigm of porto, I carry:
- The subject of a verb is often not expressed by a separate word. When this occurs, the ending of the verb indicates the subject. Pronoun subjects are expressed only when they are needed for special emphasis.
- Make a list of all verbs in the first paragraph of the story Tullia Magistra Filiārum II and observe the various forms. All the verbs in this list, except sunt, belong to the same conjugation as porto. The base of the present tense of porto is "port-" but the stem is "portā-". Observe that the ā of the stem is changed in some of the forms, as porto, portat, portant.
- The word conjugation is used here to mean a group or class of verbs that are inflected alike. There are four such conjugations. The verb porto belongs to the first conjugation. The verb sum does not belong to any of the four: it is irregular.
- The infinitive is made by adding "-re" to the present stem: portāre. Hence, if you know the infinitive you can determine the present stem by dropping the "-re." It is customary to name a verb by giving the first person present, as porto; and to show its present stem (thus showing to which conjugation it belongs) by giving the present infinitive. These two forms are the first and second principal parts of a Latin verb: porto, portāre. In the vocabularies hereafter these two forms will be given.
- Now make a list of the verb forms in the second paragraph of Tullia, Magistra Filiārum II. Most of the verbs in this list belong to the second conjugation; their stem ends in "-ē." In three of these forms, also, the stem is changed to "-e" before the personal endings: video, videt, vident. The infinitive form is vidēre; hereafter, verbs of this kind will be given in the form video, vidēre.
- The infinitive of sum is esse.
- The personal endings added to the present stem of a verb in any of the four conjugations form the present tense of the verb. Notice, however, that sum is irregular.
- The present tense of video, a verb of the second conjugation, is as follows. Compare this paradigm with that of porto, noting that the endings are the same, though the stem vowel is different.
- Observe carefully the long vowels in these verbs and remember the three possible translations of this tense.
Reading Lesson: CLAUDIA ET FILIAE TULLIAE
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
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Claudia: Cuius lectīcam, ancillae, in viā vidētis? Ancilla: Tulliae lectīcam videō, dominā. Claudia: Sum laeta quod Tullia est cāra amīca mea. Suntne puellae cum Tulliā? Ancilla secunda: Puellās videō, domina. Puellae ambulant. Claudia: Salvē, Tullia cāra. Salvēte, Cornēlia et Secunda. Estisne dēfessae? Tullia: Ego nōn sum dēfessa. Fortasse puellae sunt dēfessae. Cornēlia: Nōn sum dēfessa, Claudia. Libenter ambulō. Claudia: Quid portātīs, puellae? Cornēlia: Ego rosās albās habeō, Claudia. Rosās ad Claudiam cāram portō. Claudia: Rosās tuās amō, Cornēlia. Sunt pulchrae rosae. Quid tū habēs, Secunda? Secunda: Ego ūvās rubrās habeō, Claudia. Ūvās ad Claudiam cāram portō. Claudia: Ūvās quoque amō. Estis puellae bonae. Fortasse ancillae meae fābulās dē patriīs nārrant. Amātīsne fābulās dē Graeciā? Cornēlia: Es bona, Claudia. Fābulās dē Graeciā maximē amāmus. Ubī sunt ancillae? Claudia: Cuius lectīcam, ancillae, in viā vidētis? Ancilla: Tulliae lectīcam videō, dominā. Claudia: Sum laeta quod Tullia est cāra amīca mea. Suntne puellae cum Tulliā? Ancilla secunda: Puellās videō, domina. Puellae ambulant. Claudia: Salvē, Tullia cāra. Salvēte, Cornēlia et Secunda. Estisne dēfessae? Tullia: Ego nōn sum dēfessa. Fortasse puellae sunt dēfessae. Cornēlia: Nōn sum dēfessa, Claudia. Libenter ambulō. Claudia: Quid portātīs, puellae? Cornēlia: Ego rosās albās habeō, Claudia. Rosās ad Claudiam cāram portō. Claudia: Rosās tuās amō, Cornēlia. Sunt pulchrae rosae. Quid tū habēs, Secunda? Secunda: Ego ūvās rubrās habeō, Claudia. Ūvās ad Claudiam cāram portō. Claudia: Ūvās quoque amō. Estis puellae bonae. Fortasse ancillae meae fābulās dē patriīs nārrant. Amātīsne fābulās dē Graeciā? Cornēlia: Es bona, Claudia. Fābulās dē Graeciā maximē amāmus. Ubī sunt ancillae? |
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Claudia: Whose litter, slaves, do you see in the road? Ancilla: I see the litter of Tullia, mistress. Claudia: I am happy because Tullia is my dear friend. Are the girls with Tullia? Ancilla Secunda: I see the girls, mistress. The girls are walking. Claudia: Hello, dear Tullia. Hello, Cornelia and Secunda. Are you tired? Tullia: I am not tired. Perhaps the girls are tired. Cornelia: I am not tired, Claudia. I am gladly walking. Claudia: What are you carrying, girls? Cornelia: I have white roses, Claudia. I am carrying roses to dear Claudia. Claudia: I love your roses, Cornelia. They are beautiful roses. What do you have, Secunda? Secunda: I have red grapes, Claudia. I am carrying grapes to dear Claudia. Claudia: I also love grapes. You are good girls. Perhaps my slave women are telling stories about the fatherland. Do you like stories about Greece? Cornelia: You are good, Claudia. We greatly love stories about Greece. Where are the slave women? |
Nõtā bene:
Salvē, the singular form of greeting and salvēte, the plural form, are really the present imperative forms, singular and plural, of a verb meaning literally be well, be in good health. Translate "hail" or "how do you do." The present imperative singular is the same as the present stem in verbs of the first and second conjugations; the plural is formed by adding "-te" to the singular form. Thus, of salvēre, the form of the present stem and singular imperative is salvē, that of the plural imperative, salvēte. The first person singular form, salveo, is not used. Observe that although salvē, salvēte, are used as greetings, the verb does not mean greet. The verb that has this meaning is salūto, salūtāre.
Salvē, the singular form of greeting and salvēte, the plural form, are really the present imperative forms, singular and plural, of a verb meaning literally be well, be in good health. Translate "hail" or "how do you do." The present imperative singular is the same as the present stem in verbs of the first and second conjugations; the plural is formed by adding "-te" to the singular form. Thus, of salvēre, the form of the present stem and singular imperative is salvē, that of the plural imperative, salvēte. The first person singular form, salveo, is not used. Observe that although salvē, salvēte, are used as greetings, the verb does not mean greet. The verb that has this meaning is salūto, salūtāre.
Grammar Notes
Verb "Conjugations"
Throughout the year, we have seen lots of Latin words: nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, etc. When we looked at Nouns, we said that all the nouns in Latin have endings that follow a set pattern. In other words, even though there are thousands of words, many of them seem to all end with the same letters. We call these groups "Declensions" and this pattern is critical for understanding how Latin works.
For Verbs, we do something very similar-- we group all the Latin verbs (except the "irregular" ones, which we will cover later) by their spelling. Specifically, we look at how their INFINITIVE form is spelled. The Infinitive is the general form of the verb that doesn't have a "person" attached to it. So instead of "I ______," or "you ______", the Infinitive means "to ________." In Latin, the Infinitive form of a verb (so far...) will always end in "-re."
So how do we group the Latin verbs? We organize Latin verbs in to four "Conjugations" (just a fancy word for "group") and these Conjugations are based on how their Infinitive form is spelled. To start, we are going to just learn about the first two/ The grouping goes like this:
For Verbs, we do something very similar-- we group all the Latin verbs (except the "irregular" ones, which we will cover later) by their spelling. Specifically, we look at how their INFINITIVE form is spelled. The Infinitive is the general form of the verb that doesn't have a "person" attached to it. So instead of "I ______," or "you ______", the Infinitive means "to ________." In Latin, the Infinitive form of a verb (so far...) will always end in "-re."
So how do we group the Latin verbs? We organize Latin verbs in to four "Conjugations" (just a fancy word for "group") and these Conjugations are based on how their Infinitive form is spelled. To start, we are going to just learn about the first two/ The grouping goes like this:
- Verbs with Infinitives ending in "-āre" are called "1st Conjugation" (ex. ambulō, ambulāre)
- Verbs with Infinitives ending in "-ēre" are called "2nd Conjugation" (ex. sedeō, sedēre)
How to "Conjugate" Verbs
Now that we have established the four Conjugations for Latin verbs, what do we use them for? The whole concept of knowing the conjugation is centered on being able to spell a verb in all its different forms (1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person, singular and plural). We have some basic rules for each conjugation. Here are the steps:
For ALL Conjugations:
For ALL Conjugations:
- Find out what Conjugation the verb belongs to
- Go to the Infinitive and drop the "-re" to get the "Present Stem"
- Bring down the first principal part as your first answer
- Add the personal verb endings (-s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) to the present stem
- Example: "ambulō, ambulāre" -- 1st Conjugation
- ambulō, I walk
- ambulās, you walk
- ambulat, he/she/it walks
- ambulāmus, we walk
- ambulātis, y'all walk
- ambulant, they walk
- Example: "sedeō, sedēre" -- 2nd Conjugation
- sedeō, I sit
- sedēs, you sit
- sedet, he/she/it sits
- sedēmus, we sit
- sedētis, y'all sit
- sedent, they sit
Quick Recap!
There is a lot of Latin jargon in this chapter, so let's just make sure you have it all straight:
- "Declension": a group for Latin nouns
- "Case": the different uses for a Latin noun.
- Nominative Case: the subject of the sentence
- Genitive Case: shows possession ("of")
- Dative Case: indirect object, ("to/for")
- Accusative Case: the direct object, or use in prepositional phrases showing motion toward/into
- Ablative Case: used in prepositional phrases showing position/location or motion away from/out of
- "Conjugation": a group for Latin verbs
- "Person": used with Latin verbs, it refers to who the subject of the sentence is. There are 3 persons:
- 1st Person: Singular = "I", Plural = "we"
- 2nd Person: Singular = "you," Plural = "you all"
- 3rd Person: Singular = "he/she/it", Plural = "they"
The Verb "To Be" ("Esse")
Throughout the course, we have been using the verb "to be" in Latin. It's Infinitive form is "Esse" and we have seen it most often as "est" (he/she/it is) and "sunt" (they are). Now, we want to learn all 6 of its forms. Even though this verb is an "irregular verb," meaning that it's spelling doesn't follow the same rules as regular verbs, it will use the same verb endings. The only exception is the 1st person singular, "sum," which uses the ending "-m." We will see more uses of "-m" later on in the course. For now, make sure you memorize the forms of the verb "esse" laid out in the chart below!
The Imperative
What does it mean if something is "imperative" in English? For instance, if your teacher were to say "It's imperative that you do your homework!" How is this different from a normal verb? The answer is that they are ordering you to do something. In English (and Latin) this form of a verb is known as an "Imperative" (from the Latin verb "imperāre", to command).
Although the Imperative seems simple enough, there are a few twists to it. For starters, you can order one person to do something, or more than one. When you are ordering one person, we call it the "Singular Imperative." Likewise, when you order more than one person, we call it the "Plural Imperative." But you don't have to just order someone to do something, you can also order someone to NOT do something. When you order someone TO do something, call it the "Positive Imperative." When you order someone to NOT do something, we call it the "Negative Imperative." Let's look at how we create them in Latin...
ambulō, ambulāre, to walk
Singular Positive: Ambulā! (walk!)
Plural Positive: Ambulāte! (walk!)
Singular Negative: Nōlī ambulāre! (don't walk!)
Plural Positive: Nōlīte ambulāre! (don't walk!)
Although the Imperative seems simple enough, there are a few twists to it. For starters, you can order one person to do something, or more than one. When you are ordering one person, we call it the "Singular Imperative." Likewise, when you order more than one person, we call it the "Plural Imperative." But you don't have to just order someone to do something, you can also order someone to NOT do something. When you order someone TO do something, call it the "Positive Imperative." When you order someone to NOT do something, we call it the "Negative Imperative." Let's look at how we create them in Latin...
- To form the Singular Positive Imperative (ordering one person to do something), we go to the Infinitive and drop the "-re." That's it! If it sounds familiar, that's because the Singular Positive Imperative and the Present Stem from verb conjugation are the exact same thing.
- To form the Plural Positive Imperative (ordering more than one person to do something), we go to the Infinitive, drop the "-re" and add the ending "-te."
- To form the Singular Negative Imperative (ordering one person to not do something), we use the word "Nōlī" and put the Infinitive form of the verb right after it
- To form the Plural Negative Imperative (ordering more than one person to not do something), we use the word "Nōlīte" and put the Infinitive form of the verb right after it -- notice how we add the same "-te" ending that we used for Plural Positive Imperatives.
ambulō, ambulāre, to walk
Singular Positive: Ambulā! (walk!)
Plural Positive: Ambulāte! (walk!)
Singular Negative: Nōlī ambulāre! (don't walk!)
Plural Positive: Nōlīte ambulāre! (don't walk!)
Chapter 11 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
The following review list gives all the verbs which you have had. The forms given here are the first person singular present and the present infinitive. Take each verb and conjugate it (I, you, he/she/it, etc) and translate. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
The following review list gives all the verbs which you have had. The forms given here are the first person singular present and the present infinitive. Take each verb and conjugate it (I, you, he/she/it, etc) and translate. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. ambulō, ambulāre
2. amō, amāre 3. cūrō, cūrāre 4. dēlectō, delectăre 5. dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre 6. dēsīderō, dēsīderāre 7. dō, dare 8. doceō, docēre 9. habeō, habēre 10. habitō, habitāre 11. intrō, intrāre 12. labōrō, labōrāre 13. laudō, laudāre 14. nārrō, nārrāre |
15. nāvigō, nāvigāre
16. õrnō, ōrnāre 17. pārō, parāre 18. portō, portāre 19. properō, properāre 20. salūtō, salūtāre 21. salveō, salvēre 22. sedeō, sedēre 23. spectō, spectāre 24. stō, stāre 25. studeō, studēre 26. sum, esse 27. videō, vidēre 28. vocō, vocāre |
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Grammar Exercise 2
Translate each verb into Latin:
Translate each verb into Latin:
1. I show.
2. They are walking.
3. You (sing.) are preparing.
4. We do praise.
5. He sees.
6. You all call.
7. I am decorating.
8. We give.
9. You (sing.) do sail.
10. They have.
2. They are walking.
3. You (sing.) are preparing.
4. We do praise.
5. He sees.
6. You all call.
7. I am decorating.
8. We give.
9. You (sing.) do sail.
10. They have.
Grammar Exercise 3
Translate the following into Latin:
Translate the following into Latin:
1. Tullia, a Roman matron, likes to teach the Latin language.
2. We sit on our benches and work every day.
3. We always study diligently because our teacher is severe.
4. Do you sometimes praise your daughters, Tullia, and tell the girls stories about goddesses?
5. Why are you hurrying into the villa, Secunda?
6. I see Claudia's litter. Perhaps our friend is in the villa.
7. How do you do, girls? Are you studying diligently today?
8. We study in the morning; we are tired now.
9. Your roses are beautiful, girls.
10. Do you see my new jar, Claudia? It is full of white roses.
2. We sit on our benches and work every day.
3. We always study diligently because our teacher is severe.
4. Do you sometimes praise your daughters, Tullia, and tell the girls stories about goddesses?
5. Why are you hurrying into the villa, Secunda?
6. I see Claudia's litter. Perhaps our friend is in the villa.
7. How do you do, girls? Are you studying diligently today?
8. We study in the morning; we are tired now.
9. Your roses are beautiful, girls.
10. Do you see my new jar, Claudia? It is full of white roses.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 11 Sentence Translation Practice
Chapter 11 Present Tense Verb Conjugation Practice
Chapter 11 Noun Ending Chart Practice
Chapter 11 Sentence Translation Practice
Chapter 11 Present Tense Verb Conjugation Practice
Chapter 11 Noun Ending Chart Practice