Chapter 14 Vocabulary
adōrō, adōrāre, to worship
āra, -ae, f., altar arma, armōrum, n. pl., arms, armor aurum, aurī, n., gold auxilium, auxilī, n., help, aid; reinforcements, auxiliary troops (when plural) bellum, bellī, n., war Britannia, -ae, f., Britain Britannus, Britanna, British Britannus, -ī, m., a Briton castra, castrōrum, n. pl., camp celeriter, quickly cōpia, -ae, f., abundance, plenty; troops, forces (when plural) |
domicilium, domicilī, n., dwelling, home
etiam, even, also fāma, -ae, f., fame, reputation, report frūmentum, frūmentī, n., corn, grain intrā (+acc.), within, inside oppidum, oppidī, n., town perīculum, perīculī, n., danger, peril proelium, proelī, n., battle sīc, thus templum, templī, n., temple timeō, timēre, to fear vāllum, vāllī, n., rampart |
Chapter 14 Derivatives
adōrāre: adore, adorable, adoration
arma: armament, armature, armory, armor, armada, armistice, army auxilium: auxiliary bellum: antebellum, bellicose, belligerent, rebel castra: castle |
celeriter: accelerate, acceleration
cōpia: copious domicilium: domicile fāma: fame, defamatory, famous, defamation, infamy perīculum: peril, perilous timēre: timid, intimidate, timorous |
TEMPLA ANTĪQUA
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Latin Text
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Templum est Athēnīs. Templum est antīquum. Incolae Athēnārum templum saepe intrant. Incolae in templum ambulant quod columnās et statuās libenter spectant. Proximī templō sunt multī virī. Columnae pulchrae templī virōs dēlectant. In templō est magna statua deae sapientiae. Proximae statuae sunt ārae. Fēminae ārās deae ōrnant. Agricolae frūmentum ad ārās templī portant. Nautae aurum ā terrīs extrēmīs in templum portant. Sīc virī et fēminae templī deam adōrant. Hodiē quoque templa antīqua virōs et fēminās dēlectant. Ā terrīs extrēmīs ad Graeciam nāvigant. Templa clāra intrant et laudant. Etiam hodiē columnae templōrum antīquōrum sunt pulchrae. Proxima magnīs templīs sunt multa domicilia parva. Incolae Graeciae longās fābulās dē templīs antīquīs nārrant. Templum est Athēnīs. Templum est antīquum. Incolae Athēnārum templum saepe intrant. Incolae in templum ambulant quod columnās et statuās libenter spectant. Proximī templō sunt multī virī. Columnae pulchrae templī virōs dēlectant. In templō est magna statua deae sapientiae. Proximae statuae sunt ārae. Fēminae ārās deae ōrnant. Agricolae frūmentum ad ārās templī portant. Nautae aurum ā terrīs extrēmīs in templum portant. Sīc virī et fēminae templī deam adōrant. Hodiē quoque templa antīqua virōs et fēminās dēlectant. Ā terrīs extrēmīs ad Graeciam nāvigant. Templa clāra intrant et laudant. Etiam hodiē columnae templōrum antīquōrum sunt pulchrae. Proxima magnīs templīs sunt multa domicilia parva. Incolae Graeciae longās fābulās dē templīs antīquīs nārrant. |
Translation Video |
TEMPLA ANTĪQUA: Responde Latine
1. Ubi est templum?
2. Quāle est templum? 3. Quid incolae Athēnārum saepe intrant? 4. Ubi sunt virī? 5. Dēlectantne templī columnae virōs? 6. Ubi est statua deae? 7. Quō agricolae frūmentum portant? |
8. Quid nautae in templum portant?
9. Quid virōs et fēminās hodiē dēlectat? 10. Quālia templa hodiē virōs et fēminās dēlectant? 11. Quid virī et fēminae intrant? 12. Nõnne columnae templōrum antīquōrum sunt pulchrae? 13. Ubi sunt parva domicilia? 14. Nārrantne incolae Graeciae fābulās longās dē templīs antīquīs? |
Nötā bene:
Quāle, what kind of? (nominative and accusative singular neuter)
Quālia, what kind of? (nominative and accusative plural neuter)
Quāle, what kind of? (nominative and accusative singular neuter)
Quālia, what kind of? (nominative and accusative plural neuter)
TEMPLA ANTĪQUA: Discussion
- In the first two sentences of the story, how is the word templum used? In what case and number is it? What is the ending? In the sentence Columnae pulchrae templi virõs dēlectant, in what case and number is templi? What is the ending? To what declension does this noun belong? Nouns of the second declension with the nominative in "-um" are neuter.
- In the sentence Incolae Athēnārum templum saepe intrant, how is templum used? In what case and number is it? What is the ending? Compare this ending with the nominative singular ending. Neuter nouns of the second declension have the ending "-um" in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular.
- Find sentences which contain the genitive, dative, and ablative singular of templum. What is the ending of each of these cases? The endings of the genitive dative and ablative singular of neuter nouns in the second declension are the same as those of masculine nouns.
- In the first sentence of the second paragraph, how is the word templa used? In what case and number is it? What is the ending? In the sentence Templa clāra intrant et laudant, how is templa used? In what case and number is it? What is the ending? The nominative, accusative, and vocative plural of neuter nouns always end in "-a."
- Find sentences which contain the genitive, dative, and ablative plural of templum. What are the endings of these cases? In the plural the endings of the genitive, dative, and ablative of neuter nouns are always the same as those of masculine nouns of the same declension.
- Learn the following paradigm of a neuter noun of the second declension:
Reading Lesson: IN BRITANNIĀ
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Latin Text
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In Britanniā cōpiae Rōmānae castra magna habent. Castra Rōmāna proxima sunt ōrae quod Rōmānī multās onerāriās habent. Onerāriae auxilia et frūmentum ad cōpiās Rōmānās portant. Circum castra est altum vallum. In vāllō stat Mārcus, lēgātus Rōmānus. Mārcus est adultus fīlius Cornēlī. Mārcus nūntium Rōmānum extrā vallum videt. Nūntius ad castra Rōmāna properat. "Salvē, amīcē," clāmat Mārcus. "Parantne Britannī proelium?" "Salvē, lēgāte, multī Britannī armātī sunt in silvīs proximīs. Intrā silvās sunt multa arma et multum frūmentum quoque. Fēminae cum fīliīs et fīliābus ab oppidīs et ab agrīs in silvās properant quod fāma Romanōrum est magna et proelium timent," nūntius clāmat. Tum in castra celeriter properat. Lēgātus neque Britannōs neque perīcula bellī timet quod vallum castrōrum est firmum et cōpiae Rōmānae sunt multae. In Britanniā cōpiae Rōmānae castra magna habent. Castra Rōmāna proxima sunt ōrae quod Rōmānī multās onerāriās habent. Onerāriae auxilia et frūmentum ad cōpiās Rōmānās portant. Circum castra est altum vallum. In vāllō stat Mārcus, lēgātus Rōmānus. Mārcus est adultus fīlius Cornēlī. Mārcus nūntium Rōmānum extrā vallum videt. Nūntius ad castra Rōmāna properat. "Salvē, amīcē," clāmat Mārcus. "Parantne Britannī proelium?" "Salvē, lēgāte, multī Britannī armātī sunt in silvīs proximīs. Intrā silvās sunt multa arma et multum frūmentum quoque. Fēminae cum fīliīs et fīliābus ab oppidīs et ab agrīs in silvās properant quod fāma Romanōrum est magna et proelium timent," nūntius clāmat. Tum in castra celeriter properat. Lēgātus neque Britannōs neque perīcula bellī timet quod vallum castrōrum est firmum et cōpiae Rōmānae sunt multae. |
Translation Video |
Grammar Notes
2nd Declension Nouns (Neuter)
In this chapter, we're returning to the concept of "grammatical gender" in Latin. So far we have seen that there are 3 genders in Latin: Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. So far, we've only focused on Masculine and Feminine nouns. Now, we are going to dive into the idea of a Neuter noun in Latin and why it is different from Masculine and Feminine ones.
To start, let's do a quick recap of what we've already covered in terms of "gender" in Latin. In Latin, nouns are usually associated with being either male, female, or neither. Remember, the reasoning behind these associations are cultural and do NOT necessarily line up with our own culture and views! So when it comes to Latin gender, leave all preconceived notions at the door! We call words that are usually associated with men or being male "Masculine". We call words that are usually associated with women or being female "Feminine". And we call words that are associated with objects "Neuter" (in Latin, "neuter" means "neither"). Masculine nouns use the 2nd Declension noun endings ("-us"), while Feminine nouns use the 1st Declension noun endings ("-a"). So, it's not too hard to distinguish between those two genders. But what about Neuter? What endings does it use?
To start, let's do a quick recap of what we've already covered in terms of "gender" in Latin. In Latin, nouns are usually associated with being either male, female, or neither. Remember, the reasoning behind these associations are cultural and do NOT necessarily line up with our own culture and views! So when it comes to Latin gender, leave all preconceived notions at the door! We call words that are usually associated with men or being male "Masculine". We call words that are usually associated with women or being female "Feminine". And we call words that are associated with objects "Neuter" (in Latin, "neuter" means "neither"). Masculine nouns use the 2nd Declension noun endings ("-us"), while Feminine nouns use the 1st Declension noun endings ("-a"). So, it's not too hard to distinguish between those two genders. But what about Neuter? What endings does it use?
There are the rules you want to know about Neuter Nouns:
1) For 2nd Declension Neuter nouns, the main difference is that the Nominative form ends in a "-um" instead of a "-us." Because of this, 2nd Declension neuters are easy to spot in the dictionary. It is the difference between the word "servus, -ī, m.," which is Masculine, and "baculum, -ī, n.," which is Neuter.
2) the Nominative and Accusative endings are always the same! This applies to all Neuter nouns, regardless of declension.
3) the Nominative and Accusative Plural noun endings are always "-a" for Neuters
4) There are NO Neuter nouns in the 1st Declension
Here are our updated noun ending chart for the 1st and 2nd Declensions -- this will help you spot the difference in endings for Neuters.
1) For 2nd Declension Neuter nouns, the main difference is that the Nominative form ends in a "-um" instead of a "-us." Because of this, 2nd Declension neuters are easy to spot in the dictionary. It is the difference between the word "servus, -ī, m.," which is Masculine, and "baculum, -ī, n.," which is Neuter.
2) the Nominative and Accusative endings are always the same! This applies to all Neuter nouns, regardless of declension.
3) the Nominative and Accusative Plural noun endings are always "-a" for Neuters
4) There are NO Neuter nouns in the 1st Declension
Here are our updated noun ending chart for the 1st and 2nd Declensions -- this will help you spot the difference in endings for Neuters.
Nominative, Genitive, or Accusative Plural: How Can You Tell?
Let's stop and think for a minute -- now that you know what Neuter nouns are, you probably can anticipate a source of confusion. Neuter plural words like "templa" end in an "-a," but up until now we've always seen the "-a" ending as Nominative Singular in the 1st Declension. Now, though, we learned that "templa" is 2nd Declension Neuter noun. The same applies to singular forms like "templum" which we now know is 2nd Declension Neuter singular (Nominative/Accusative). Up until this point, though, "-um" has always been 2nd Declension Accusative Singular with words like "servum."
The point is that there are a few more overlapping endings now that we've introduced Neuter Nouns. The key is always to know the Declension and Gender of your noun! It's the only way to be able to distinguish between all the overlapping endings. So, for instance, if you see the word "templa," you need to recognize it as 2nd Declension and Neuter. This will help you see that the "-a" ending is either Nominative or Accusative Plural, but NOT 1st Declension Nominative Singular like the word "puella" would be. The key to all of this, like everything else, is practice!
The point is that there are a few more overlapping endings now that we've introduced Neuter Nouns. The key is always to know the Declension and Gender of your noun! It's the only way to be able to distinguish between all the overlapping endings. So, for instance, if you see the word "templa," you need to recognize it as 2nd Declension and Neuter. This will help you see that the "-a" ending is either Nominative or Accusative Plural, but NOT 1st Declension Nominative Singular like the word "puella" would be. The key to all of this, like everything else, is practice!
Chapter 14 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Supply the proper case endings. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Supply the proper case endings. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Perīcula bell___ semper sunt magn___.
2. Circum oppid___ est mūrus altus. 3. Castra proxim___ oppid___ nōn sunt. 4. In castr___ sunt multī virī armātī. 5. Vāllum castr___ est firm___. 6. Lēgātus et virī sunt proximī vall___. 7. Nūntius et lēgātus proelī___ (pl) nōn timent. 8. Nūntiī ad oppid___ (sing) auxilī___ celeriter vocant. 9. Intrā oppid___ (pl) sunt neque fēminae neque puellae. 10. Templa Rōman___ ārās habent. |
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Grammar Exercise 2
Decline: bellum, proelium, mūrus, castra, ager, fāma.
Decline: bellum, proelium, mūrus, castra, ager, fāma.
Grammar Exercise 3
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. There are beautiful temples in many towns of Italy.
2. The inhabitants of the towns place gold in the temples.
3. There are altars even in the dwellings of the inhabitants.
4. Men and women worship the gods both in the temples and in (their) dwellings .
5. Marcus, the lieutenant, is in Britain with the armed forces of the Romans.
6. He fears neither battles nor the dangers of war because he has many auxiliary troops.
7. Roman transports bring arms and grain to the camp quickly.
8. Thus, there is an abundance of grain in the camp.
9. The Britons are outside the rampart; the Romans are inside the rampart.
10. The Romans have a great reputation, haven't they?
2. The inhabitants of the towns place gold in the temples.
3. There are altars even in the dwellings of the inhabitants.
4. Men and women worship the gods both in the temples and in (their) dwellings .
5. Marcus, the lieutenant, is in Britain with the armed forces of the Romans.
6. He fears neither battles nor the dangers of war because he has many auxiliary troops.
7. Roman transports bring arms and grain to the camp quickly.
8. Thus, there is an abundance of grain in the camp.
9. The Britons are outside the rampart; the Romans are inside the rampart.
10. The Romans have a great reputation, haven't they?
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 14 2nd Declension Neuter Noun Practice
Chapter 14 Sentence Translation
Chapter 14 Present Tense Verb Conjugation Practice
Chapter 14 Noun Ending Chart Practice (Everything So Far)
Chapter 14 2nd Declension Neuter Noun Practice
Chapter 14 Sentence Translation
Chapter 14 Present Tense Verb Conjugation Practice
Chapter 14 Noun Ending Chart Practice (Everything So Far)