Chapter 18 Vocabulary
ā, ab (+abl.), by
apud (+acc.), among captīvus, -a, -um, captive diū, for a long time fossa, -ae, f., ditch, trench hasta, -ae, f., spear Helena, -ae, f., Helen (the wife of Menelaus) induō, induere, to put on necō, necāre, to kill |
pellō, pellere, to drive, drive out
pōnō, pōnere, to put, place prō (+abl.), on behalf of, for sagitta, -ae, f., arrow tabernāculum, -ī, n., tent tamen, nevertheless, still tēlum, -ī, n., weapon vulnerō, vulnerāre, to wound, injure casta pōnere, to pitch camp (an idiom) |
Chapter 18 Derivatives
captīvus: captive, captivity, captivate
pellere: impulse, pulse, impulsive, expel, propel, repel, pulsate, impel, compel, compulsive |
pōnere: postpone, dispose, composition, component, opposition, expose, deposit, deponent, compost, preposition, position
vulnerāre: vulnerable, invulnerable |
FĀBULA ORBILĪ I
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Orbilius magister discipulōs laudat sī dīligenter student. Interdum ā magistrō fābulae nārrantur. Hodiē Orbilius rogat, "Dēsīderātisne fābulam, puerī?" "Certē, certē, fābulam longam, fābulam longam dēsīderāmus," puerī clāmant. Tum fābula dē Helenā, fēmina pulchra Graeca, ab Orbiliō nārrātur. "In Graeciā Helena habitat. Fēmina pulchra ā multīs virīs amātur. Troiānus clārus ad Graeciam nāvigat. Fēmina pulchra ā Troianō vidētur et amātur. Tandem Troiānus fēminam Trōiam dūcit. Graecī sunt īrātī; itaque bellum parātur. Arma et frūmentum et armātī onerāriīs ad ōrās Troiānās mittuntur. In ōrīs Troiānīs Graecī castra pōnunt. Troia mūrō altō et portīs firmīs mūnītur. Posteā castra Graecōrum fossā et vāllō altō mūniuntur. Graecī Troiānōs nōn timent sed ā Troiānīs timentur. Diū bellum geritur. Armātī gladiīs, hastīs, sagittīs, pugnant. Et Graecī et Troiānī ā virīs clārīs dūcuntur sed deī victōriam nōn dant." Orbilius magister discipulōs laudat sī dīligenter student. Interdum ā magistrō fābulae nārrantur. Hodiē Orbilius rogat, "Dēsīderātisne fābulam, puerī?" "Certē, certē, fābulam longam, fābulam longam dēsīderāmus," puerī clāmant. Tum fābula dē Helenā, fēmina pulchra Graeca, ab Orbiliō nārrātur. "In Graeciā Helena habitat. Fēmina pulchra ā multīs virīs amātur. Troiānus clārus ad Graeciam nāvigat. Fēmina pulchra ā Troianō vidētur et amātur. Tandem Troiānus fēminam Trōiam dūcit. Graecī sunt īrātī; itaque bellum parātur. Arma et frūmentum et armātī onerāriīs ad ōrās Troiānās mittuntur. In ōrīs Troiānīs Graecī castra pōnunt. Troia mūrō altō et portīs firmīs mūnītur. Posteā castra Graecōrum fossā et vāllō altō mūniuntur. Graecī Troiānōs nōn timent sed ā Troiānīs timentur. Diū bellum geritur. Armātī gladiīs, hastīs, sagittīs, pugnant. Et Graecī et Troiānī ā virīs clārīs dūcuntur sed deī victōriam nōn dant." |
Translation Video |
FĀBULA ORBILĪ I: Responde Latine
1. Ā quō fābulae nārrantur?
2. Ā quō fābula dē fēminā pulchrā nārrātur? 3. Ā quō pulchra fēmina vidētur et amātur? 4. Ā quō bellum parātur? |
5. Quōmodo arma et frūmentum et armātī ad ārās Troiānās
mittuntur? 6. Quōmodo Troia mūnītur? 7. Ā quō Graecī timentur? 8. Quōmodo armātī pugnant? |
Notā bene:
Ā quō, by whom?
Quōmodo, how? by means of what?
Ā quō, by whom?
Quōmodo, how? by means of what?
FĀBULA ORBILĪ I: Discussion
- In the sentence Fābulae ā magistro narrantur, what is the subject of the verb? Does the subject act? When the subject of a verb does not act but is acted upon, the verb is said to be in the passive voice. What is the person and number of the verb? What is the ending? In the story Fābula Orbilī I, list all the verbs in the third person plural passive voice. To what conjugation does each verb belong? What is the ending of each verb? The personal ending of the third person plural of the passive voice is "-ntur". In the same story, find the passive form of a singular verb in each conjugation. What is the ending? The personal ending of the third person singular of the passive voice is "-tur".
- In the sentence Fābulae ā magistro narrantur, by whom are the stories told? What phrase expresses the actor or the agent? What preposition is used? What case? The ablative case with the preposition "ā/ab" is used with a verb in the passive voice to express the agent or doer of an act. An ablative used is called an ablative of personal agent. It answers the question by whom? Find other phrases that express agency in the story.
- In the sentence Troia mūro alto et portis firmis mūnitur, which words tell by means of what or with what Troy is being fortified? In what case are the words mūro and portis? Is a preposition used? The ablative without a preposition is used with either a passive verb or an active verb to express the thing by means of which the action of the verb is accomplished. An ablative so used is called an ablative of means. It answers the question by means of what? or with what? In the story find other nouns that express means.
- Observe the following differences between the ablative of agent and the ablative of means:
FĀBULA ORBILĪ II
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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"Achillēs, fīlius Pēleī, est clārus Graecus. Sī cōpiās Graecās dūcit, Graecīs victōria est. Sed Achillēs īrātus est quod captīva pulchra ab eō rapta est. Itaque in tabernāculō sedet neque pugnat. Patrōclus amīcus cum sociīs multīs ad tabernāculum venit. "'Cūr prō patriā nōn pugnās, amīce?' Patrōclus rogat. 'Tū ā Troiānīs maximē timēris. Nōs impedīmur quod tū nōn pugnās.' "'Ego ā Troiānīs timeor. Quod cōpiās nōn dūcō, vōs impedīminī. Īrātus, tamen, prō patriā nōn pugnō,' Achillēs respondet. "'Nōs in castrīs ā lēgātīs tenēmur quod tū in tabernāculō sēdēs. Interdum nōs ē castrīs ā cōpiīs Troiānīs pellimur. Saepe hastīs et sagittīs Troiānōrum vulnerāmur. Sī ā fīliō Pēlēī dūcimur, nōn vincimur. Tuum auxilium victōriam semper portat. Tū ad tabernāculum nōn pellēris; tū in tabernāculō nōn tenēris. Tū nōn vulnerāris neque impedīris neque vinceris. Cūr tū nōn pugnās?' iterum Patrōclus rogat. "'Vōs, sociī meī, in castrīs saepe tenēminī. Ē castrīs saepe pelliminī. Tēlīs Troiānōrum vulnerāminī. Vincitis et vinciminī. Ad tabernāculum ego nōn pellor. Ego nōn vulneror neque impedior neque vincor. Īrātus, tamen, nōn pugnō,' Achillēs clāmat. Tum et gladium et arma in terram mittit. "Patrōclus gladium et arma amīcī celeriter induit. Tum Graecōs ad mūrōs Troiae dūcit. Ibi Patrōclus necātur." Notā bene: Achillēs, Achilles (a famous Greek hero) Graecīs victōriā est, the Greeks are victorious Ab eō rapta est, has been taken from him "Achillēs, fīlius Pēleī, est clārus Graecus. Sī cōpiās Graecās dūcit, Graecīs victōria est. Sed Achillēs īrātus est quod captīva pulchra ab eō rapta est. Itaque in tabernāculō sedet neque pugnat. Patrōclus amīcus cum sociīs multīs ad tabernāculum venit. "'Cūr prō patriā nōn pugnās, amīce?' Patrōclus rogat. 'Tū ā Troiānīs maximē timēris. Nōs impedīmur quod tū nōn pugnās.' "'Ego ā Troiānīs timeor. Quod cōpiās nōn dūcō, vōs impedīminī. Īrātus, tamen, prō patriā nōn pugnō,' Achillēs respondet. "'Nōs in castrīs ā lēgātīs tenēmur quod tū in tabernāculō sēdēs. Interdum nōs ē castrīs ā cōpiīs Troiānīs pellimur. Saepe hastīs et sagittīs Troiānōrum vulnerāmur. Sī ā fīliō Pēlēī dūcimur, nōn vincimur. Tuum auxilium victōriam semper portat. Tū ad tabernāculum nōn pellēris; tū in tabernāculō nōn tenēris. Tū nōn vulnerāris neque impedīris neque vinceris. Cūr tū nōn pugnās?' iterum Patrōclus rogat. "'Vōs, sociī meī, in castrīs saepe tenēminī. Ē castrīs saepe pelliminī. Tēlīs Troiānōrum vulnerāminī. Vincitis et vinciminī. Ad tabernāculum ego nōn pellor. Ego nōn vulneror neque impedior neque vincor. Īrātus, tamen, nōn pugnō,' Achillēs clāmat. Tum et gladium et arma in terram mittit. "Patrōclus gladium et arma amīcī celeriter induit. Tum Graecōs ad mūrōs Troiae dūcit. Ibi Patrōclus necātur." Notā bene: Achillēs, Achilles (a famous Greek hero) Graecīs victōriā est, the Greeks are victorious Ab eō rapta est, has been taken from him |
Translation Video |
FĀBULA ORBILĪ II: Discussion
- In the Fābula Orbilī II, list all the verbs in the passive voice whose subjects are in the first and second persons, singular and plural. What are the endings of the verbs in the first person singular? first plural? second singular? second plural? To what part of the verb are these endings added? Are they used with verbs of all conjugations?
- In the passive voice the endings "-r" and "-mur" are the personal endings of the first person singular and plural the endings; "-ris" and "-minī" are the personal endings of the second person singular and plural. These endings are added to the stem of the verb just as the active endings are. Note, however, that the first person singular ends in "-or". Note also that in the third conjugation, second person singular, the stem vowel, short "e", is retained in the passive instead of being changed to "i" as in the active; as, mittis, active; mitteris, passive.
- The present tense, passive voice, indicative mood, is conjugated as follows. The translations are in the form I am being carried, or I am carried; you are being carried, or you are carried; etc.
Grammar Notes
Passive Voice: Present Tense (All Conjugations)
What is the Passive Voice?
What does it mean to be "passive?" What does it mean to be "active?" We hear these words all the time in daily life, but how often have we actually stopped to think what they mean? "Passive" people are ones who often have things happen to them. For instance, someone who just sits at home on the couch might have a "passive" lifestyle, just waiting for the world to come to them. Conversely, "active" people are ones who go out and do things. This is a key distinction and an important one when it comes to verbs (in Latin and English).
In Latin, we can use verbs "actively" and "passively" -- we call this "voice." So we say that verbs are either in the active or passive voice. An active voice verb is one in which the subject is performing the action, while a passive voice verb is one in which the subject is having the action done to them by someone else. For example:
In Latin, we can use verbs "actively" and "passively" -- we call this "voice." So we say that verbs are either in the active or passive voice. An active voice verb is one in which the subject is performing the action, while a passive voice verb is one in which the subject is having the action done to them by someone else. For example:
Servī aquam portābant.
The slaves were carrying water.
Aqua ā servīs portābātur.
The water was being carried by the slaves.
The slaves were carrying water.
Aqua ā servīs portābātur.
The water was being carried by the slaves.
The general meaning of both sentences is exactly the same, but notice how we changed them around -- we went from having an active voice verb (were carrying), in which the subject (slaves) was performing the action, to a passive voice verb (was being carried), in which the subject (water) wasn't doing anything but was having something done to it (it was being carried).
So why would we use the Passive Voice at all? The passive voice is most often used when person doing the action is not the most important part of the sentence. For instance, "The plate was dropped." Does it matter who dropped the plate? Maybe, but in this case the sentence is focused more on the fact that the plate was dropped -- not on who actually dropped it.
So why would we use the Passive Voice at all? The passive voice is most often used when person doing the action is not the most important part of the sentence. For instance, "The plate was dropped." Does it matter who dropped the plate? Maybe, but in this case the sentence is focused more on the fact that the plate was dropped -- not on who actually dropped it.
Another use of Passive Voice is to direct attention away from who performed the action. For example, in the sentence "I failed my Latin test," the focus is all on "I" as the person who failed the test. If I were to change it to "The Latin test was failed by me," I'm not trying to put more importance on the test being failed, rather than me being the person who failed it. We often see this in newspapers and other media outlets when they are trying to hide or distract from the person doing something ("a car was stolen today..." -- we might say this when we don't know who actually stole it!).
While we don't often use the Passive Voice in English, it does show up quite a bit in Latin, so it's important to understand its uses and forms! |
Passive Voice in Real Life
The screenshot above is the beginning of a Boston Globe article about a car hitting a pedestrian in Boston. Why do you think the Globe used the Passive voice? What did this take out of the story? Why do you think the person who posted the image included that comment?
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Passive Voice: Present Tense
So how do we conjugate verbs in the Passive Voice? Like I said before, it's same process as conjugating in Active voice, just with a new set of endings. So this chapter will be a good time to make sure you understand verb conjugation!
The rules for verb conjugation in the Present Tense are:
1. Go to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and drop the "-re" -- this gives you the "Present Stem"
*For 3rd Conjugation verbs, you flip the final vowel on your Present Stem from an "e" to an "i" -- for 2nd Person
singular, though, this stays as an "-e"! For 3rd Person Plural, you flip the "i" to a "u"
*For 4th Conjugation verbs, you need an "iu" in front of the ending for 3rd Person Plural
2. Add your Passive Voice endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)
1. Go to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and drop the "-re" -- this gives you the "Present Stem"
*For 3rd Conjugation verbs, you flip the final vowel on your Present Stem from an "e" to an "i" -- for 2nd Person
singular, though, this stays as an "-e"! For 3rd Person Plural, you flip the "i" to a "u"
*For 4th Conjugation verbs, you need an "iu" in front of the ending for 3rd Person Plural
2. Add your Passive Voice endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)
Remember, the translation of the Passive Voice in the Present Tense is "being ______ed". So instead of "porto" (I carry), we would translate "portor" as "I am being carried".
Ablative Case: Ablative of Agent
In this chapter, we used the Ablative Case in a new way: with Passive Voice verbs. If you think about what we said in our discussion on Passive Voice, you will remember that we said the subject of a passive voice verb is NOT doing anything. If the subject isn't doing the action, who is? To describe who is performing the action of a Passive Voice verb, we use the Ablative Case. This use of the Ablative is known as the "Ablative of Agent". The Ablative of Agent:
1) Always refers to a living thing
2) is used with the preposition "ā/ab"
3) is only used with Passive Voice Verbs
4) is translated as "by"
Here is an example of the Ablative of Agent:
1) Always refers to a living thing
2) is used with the preposition "ā/ab"
3) is only used with Passive Voice Verbs
4) is translated as "by"
Here is an example of the Ablative of Agent:
Aqua ā servīs portābātur.
The water is carried by slaves.
The water is carried by slaves.
Ablative Case: Ablative of Means
There was a second new use of the Ablative Case in this chapter. This one did was not showing who was doing the action of a passive voice verb. Instead, this use of the Ablative Case was showing HOW something was being done (or perhaps, "by what means"/"with what" something was done. This is called the "Ablative of Means". The Ablative of Means:
1) refers to things, not people
2) is NOT used with a preposition
3) can be used with either Active OR Passive Voice verbs
4) is translated as "by, with," or "by means of"
Here is an example:
1) refers to things, not people
2) is NOT used with a preposition
3) can be used with either Active OR Passive Voice verbs
4) is translated as "by, with," or "by means of"
Here is an example:
Troia mūrō altō et portīs firmīs mūnītur.
Troy is defended by a high wall and with strong gates.
Troy is defended by a high wall and with strong gates.
Chapter 18 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Give the English translation of the following verb forms:
laudor, docēris, vincitur, impedīmur, salūtāminī, timentur, dūcor, parāris, aperītur, vidēmur, pelliminī, aperiuntur 2. Express the following in Latin: I am being wounded I am being driven you (sg.) are feared you (sg.) are hindered he is led he is asked |
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we are heard
we are seen
you (pl.) are killed
you (pl.) are left
they are held
they are heard
3. Change the above verbs in Part 1 to the corresponding active forms.
4. Conjugate the present active and passive of the following verbs giving the English meaning of each form:
necō videō dūcō impediō
we are seen
you (pl.) are killed
you (pl.) are left
they are held
they are heard
3. Change the above verbs in Part 1 to the corresponding active forms.
4. Conjugate the present active and passive of the following verbs giving the English meaning of each form:
necō videō dūcō impediō
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. War is waged for a long time by the Trojans.
2. There are many famous men among the Trojans and they are fighting for (their) country.
3. Troy is being fortified with high walls.
4. The camp of the Greeks is being pitched on the shore.
5. A rampart and ditch are being built around the camp by the Greeks.
6. The Greeks are often hindered by the arrows and spears of the Trojans.
7. Achilles is not wounded by the arrows, and he is not driven to his tent by the Trojans; nevertheless, he is not fighting.
8. Does Patroclus put on (his) friend's armor.
9. Are you being overcome by the weapons of the Trojans, Patroclus?
10. Patroclus is killed in battle; he is not a captive of the Trojans.
2. There are many famous men among the Trojans and they are fighting for (their) country.
3. Troy is being fortified with high walls.
4. The camp of the Greeks is being pitched on the shore.
5. A rampart and ditch are being built around the camp by the Greeks.
6. The Greeks are often hindered by the arrows and spears of the Trojans.
7. Achilles is not wounded by the arrows, and he is not driven to his tent by the Trojans; nevertheless, he is not fighting.
8. Does Patroclus put on (his) friend's armor.
9. Are you being overcome by the weapons of the Trojans, Patroclus?
10. Patroclus is killed in battle; he is not a captive of the Trojans.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 18 Sentence Translation Practice (Ablative of Means & Agent)
Chapter 18 Sentence Translation Practice (Everything So Far)
Chapter 18 Present Tense Verb Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 18 Noun Ending Chart Practice
Chapter 18 Sentence Translation Practice (Ablative of Means & Agent)
Chapter 18 Sentence Translation Practice (Everything So Far)
Chapter 18 Present Tense Verb Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 18 Noun Ending Chart Practice