Chapter 19 Vocabulary
causa, -ae, f., cause, reason
cōnsilium, cōnsilī, n., plan, purpose custōdiō, custōdīre, to guard, watch discordia, -ae, f., discord, quarrel herī, yesterday hīc, here, in this place inter (+acc.), between, among maximus, -a, -um, greatest, very great moneō, monēre, to advise, warn |
nam, for
numquam, never Olympia, -ae, f., Olympia (a town in Greece) Olympus, -ī, m., Mt. Olympus (the home of the gods) regō, regere, to guide, direct, control, rule solium, solī, n., throne verbum, -ī, n., word vērō, truly, indeed vērus, -a, -um, true |
Chapter 19 Derivatives
causa: causal, causation, accusation, recuse, excuse
cōnsilium: counsel, counselor maximus: maximum, maximal monēre: premonition, monument, admonish, monitor |
regere: direct, director, viceroy, regiment, correct
verbum: verbose, verbatim, verbiage, verbal, verb, proverb vērus: veracity, verisimilitude, verify, verity |
A model of the Temple of Aphaia on Aegina (a good visual of a typical Greek temple)
DĒ TEMPLĪS GRAECĪS
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Līberī cum paedagōgō in peristȳlo sedent. Paedagōgus līberīs fābulam dē templīs Graecīs nārrat quod in Graeciā habitābat (lived/used to live). "Graecī multōs deōs et deās habēbant. In pulchrīs templīs deōs et deās adōrābant. Templa ōrnabantur (were adorned) columnīs altīs et ārīs. Magnae statuae deōrum et deārum in templīs vidēbantur. Graecī multa dōna ad templa mittēbant. Frūmentum ab agricolīs et aurum ā nautīs mittēbātur. Cotīdiē magnae iānuae templōrum aperiēbantur; nam Graecī ad templa saepe veniēbant. "Olympia oppidum pulchrum in Graeciā erat (was). Olympiae erant multa templa. Hīc erat templum deī maximī. In soliō altō deus sedēbat. Deus ā virīs et fēminīs adōrābātur et timēbātur. Deus verba virōrum et fēminārum audiēbat et cōnsilia regēbat. Statua numquam relinquēbātur sed semper custōdiēbātur." Līberī cum paedagōgō in peristȳlo sedent. Paedagōgus līberīs fābulam dē templīs Graecīs nārrat quod in Graeciā habitābat (lived/used to live). "Graecī multōs deōs et deās habēbant. In pulchrīs templīs deōs et deās adōrābant. Templa ōrnabantur (were adorned) columnīs altīs et ārīs. Magnae statuae deōrum et deārum in templīs vidēbantur. Graecī multa dōna ad templa mittēbant. Frūmentum ab agricolīs et aurum ā nautīs mittēbātur. Cotīdiē magnae iānuae templōrum aperiēbantur; nam Graecī ad templa saepe veniēbant. "Olympia oppidum pulchrum in Graeciā erat (was). Olympiae erant multa templa. Hīc erat templum deī maximī. In soliō altō deus sedēbat. Deus ā virīs et fēminīs adōrābātur et timēbātur. Deus verba virōrum et fēminārum audiēbat et cōnsilia regēbat. Statua numquam relinquēbātur sed semper custōdiēbātur." |
Translation Video |
DĒ TEMPLĪS GRAECĪS: Responde Latine
1. Habēbantne Graecī multōs deōs et deās?
2. Ubī Graecī deōs et deās adõrabant? 3. Quōmodo templa õrnabantur? 4. Nõnne statuae deōrum et deārum in templīs vidēbantur? 5. Quid Graecī agēbant? |
6. Ubi erat Olympia?
7. Ubi erant multa templa? 8. Ubi erat deus? 9. Ā quibus deus timēbātur? 10. Nõnne deus verba virōrum et fēminārum audiēbat? |
DĒ TEMPLĪS GRAECĪS: Discussion
- State the person number and voice of each verb in the second paragraph of the story De Templis Graecis, and tell in what conjugation it is. What syllable has each verb between the stem and the personal ending? The suffix "-bā-" is used to form the stem of the imperfect tense. This tense expresses an action in the past which is habitual or progressive; as, habēbant, they used to have, or they were having, often translated simply they had.
- Find an example of each conjugation in the imperfect tense in this paragraph. Each conjugation uses its present stem, the sign "-bā-", and the proper personal ending, active or passive voice, to form this tense. In the third conjugation, what is the quantity of the stem vowel before the sign "-bā-"? In the fourth conjugation, what is the quantity of the stem vowel? In the fourth conjugation, what letter is added before the sign "-bā-"?
- In the last paragraph of the story, to what time do the verbs erat and erant refer? Since the forms erat and erant are parts of the irregular verb sum, I am, the formation of the imperfect tense is irregular and does not follow the rules given above.
- Memorize the following paradigms. The translations are in the form I was carrying, I used to carry, or often simply I carried, etc., for the active, and I was being carried, I used to be carried or often simply I was carried, etc., for the passive. In a question, the proper translation form would be was I carrying? etc.
TULLIA ET LĪBERĪ
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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"Quid herī agēbātis, līberī?" rogat Tullia. "In peristȳlo cum paedagōgō sedēbāmus," respondent līberī. "Paedagōgus fābulam vēram dē templīs Graecīs nārrābat." "Amābāsne fābulam, parve Servī?" rogat Tullia. "Ego fābulam amābam, Tullia," respondet Servius. "Habitābantne deī et deae in templīs?" "Nōn in templīs sed in Olympō deī et deae habitābant, Servī." "Quid deī et deae in Olympō agēbant, Tullia?" "Deī et deae incolās terrārum cūrābant et cōnsilia regēbant. Zeus maximus deus erat; reliquōs deōs et deās dē cōnsiliīs monēbat.Tamen discordia inter incolās Olympī saepe veniēbat. Discordia, vērō, erat causa bellī Troiānī." "Nōnne lūdī magister herī fābulam dē bellō Troiānō nārrābat, Lūcī?" "Certē! Herī fābulās dē bellō Troiānō et dē Patrōclō nārrābat. Erant fābulae bonae." Notā bene: Zeus, Zeus; Greek name for the king of the gods. The corresponding Roman god was named Iuppiter, Jupiter. "Quid herī agēbātis, līberī?" rogat Tullia. "In peristȳlo cum paedagōgō sedēbāmus," respondent līberī. "Paedagōgus fābulam vēram dē templīs Graecīs nārrābat." "Amābāsne fābulam, parve Servī?" rogat Tullia. "Ego fābulam amābam, Tullia," respondet Servius. "Habitābantne deī et deae in templīs?" "Nōn in templīs sed in Olympō deī et deae habitābant, Servī." "Quid deī et deae in Olympō agēbant, Tullia?" "Deī et deae incolās terrārum cūrābant et cōnsilia regēbant. Zeus maximus deus erat; reliquōs deōs et deās dē cōnsiliīs monēbat.Tamen discordia inter incolās Olympī saepe veniēbat. Discordia, vērō, erat causa bellī Troiānī." "Nōnne lūdī magister herī fābulam dē bellō Troiānō nārrābat, Lūcī?" "Certē! Herī fābulās dē bellō Troiānō et dē Patrōclō nārrābat. Erant fābulae bonae." Notā bene: Zeus, Zeus; Greek name for the king of the gods. The corresponding Roman god was named Iuppiter, Jupiter. |
Translation Video |
Grammar Notes
Quick Review: What exactly is a Tense?
Have you ever heard the phrase "present tense" or "future tense?" Of course! But what does it mean? The word "tense" is derived from the Latin word "tempus," meaning "time." Therefore, the "tense" of a verb is just the time at which the action happened. Just like in English, we have different tenses to show different times that actions occur. Imagine trying to tell someone about an action in the past if we didn't have different tenses-- it would be impossible!
So far, we have worked exclusively in the Present tense, so all the actions we have read about have been happening in the present moment. In this chapter, though, we are going to expand our possibilities by introducing a new tense called the "Imperfect" tense.
So far, we have worked exclusively in the Present tense, so all the actions we have read about have been happening in the present moment. In this chapter, though, we are going to expand our possibilities by introducing a new tense called the "Imperfect" tense.
The Imperfect Tense
As you know, the Present Tense is used for actions that are happening right now:
Ex. "I am running." or "I am walking."
The Imperfect Tense is used to show actions that happened in the past. One key distinction, though, is that the Imperfect is used to describe past actions that were continuous or repeated. One way I like to think of this is the difference between a photo and a video. Both show a specific moment in the past, but whereas a photo is one set moment a video shows an action in the past over time. In English, it would be the difference between "I fell" which implies an action that happened and was done, and "I was falling," which creates an image of an ongoing fall. Think about the following images of someone blowing out candles on their birthday and you will recognize the difference!
Ex. "I am running." or "I am walking."
The Imperfect Tense is used to show actions that happened in the past. One key distinction, though, is that the Imperfect is used to describe past actions that were continuous or repeated. One way I like to think of this is the difference between a photo and a video. Both show a specific moment in the past, but whereas a photo is one set moment a video shows an action in the past over time. In English, it would be the difference between "I fell" which implies an action that happened and was done, and "I was falling," which creates an image of an ongoing fall. Think about the following images of someone blowing out candles on their birthday and you will recognize the difference!
Here are some examples in Latin:
Ex. "Per Viam Appiam ambulabant."
"They were walking along the Appian Way."
Ex. "Sub arbore sedebat."
"He/she was sitting under the tree."
Did you notice how we translated the verbs in English? In both sentences we said "was/were _________." This is one of the main ways that we translate the Imperfect Tense. In some cases, though, (especially when showing repeated action) it makes more sense to use "used to ______________" or "kept ______________". All three will work, although "was/were" is the most common translation. Again, notice how saying "he/she was sitting" implies that this person was sitting in the past and over a period of time-- we aren't exactly sure how long he/she was sitting there! The implication, though, is that it was not a quick and finished action.
Ex. "Per Viam Appiam ambulabant."
"They were walking along the Appian Way."
Ex. "Sub arbore sedebat."
"He/she was sitting under the tree."
Did you notice how we translated the verbs in English? In both sentences we said "was/were _________." This is one of the main ways that we translate the Imperfect Tense. In some cases, though, (especially when showing repeated action) it makes more sense to use "used to ______________" or "kept ______________". All three will work, although "was/were" is the most common translation. Again, notice how saying "he/she was sitting" implies that this person was sitting in the past and over a period of time-- we aren't exactly sure how long he/she was sitting there! The implication, though, is that it was not a quick and finished action.
How do we form the Imperfect Tense with Latin verbs?
So now that we understand how to translate the Imperfect and what it represents, how do we conjugate Latin verbs in the Imperfect tense? Compared to the Present Tense with it's various rules and vowel changes, the Imperfect is actually pretty straightforward. You follow these basic steps (depending on the conjugation of the verb):
1st, 2nd, and 3rd Conjugation:
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"Conjugation" ReminderRemember, we can tell the "Conjugation" of a verb by how it's Infinitive is spelled! -āre = 1st Conjugation -ēre = 2nd Conjugation -ere = 3rd Conjugation -īre = 4th Conjugation |
4th Conjugation:
- Go to the Infinitive and drop the "-re" to get the Present Stem
- Add either "i" or "e" to the stem to make sure there is an "ie" at the end of the stem
- Add the "-ba-" infix
- Add our personal verb endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt)
- Note that for 3rd-io verbs there will be an "e" on the end of the stem, so you just add an "i" in front of it
- Note that for 4th Conjugation verbs, there will be an "i' on the end of the stem, so you have to add an "e"
Passive Voice: Imperfect Tense
The rules for verb conjugation in the Imperfect Tense are:
1. Go to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and drop the "-re" -- this gives you the "Present Stem"
*For 3rd-io Verbs/4th Conjugation verbs, you need an "ie" at the end of your Present Stem
2. Add the infix "-ba-"
3. Add your Passive Voice endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)
1. Go to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and drop the "-re" -- this gives you the "Present Stem"
*For 3rd-io Verbs/4th Conjugation verbs, you need an "ie" at the end of your Present Stem
2. Add the infix "-ba-"
3. Add your Passive Voice endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)
Irregular Verb "Esse" -- Imperfect Tense
Remember that some verbs (in Latin and English) do not follow the normal rules of regular verbs. Therefore, we call these "irregular" verbs. So far, we have encountered one irregular verb: "esse" ("to be"). Since it is irregular, it does not use the "-ba-" infix in the Imperfect tense. Instead, it uses the stem "era-," which is easy to spot once you get used to it!
Check out the table below to see Esse in the Present and Imperfect tenses and make sure you memorize these forms!
Check out the table below to see Esse in the Present and Imperfect tenses and make sure you memorize these forms!
Bonus Content...
If you're looking for something to both help with Imperfect Tense and haunt your dreams, check out the video below...
Chapter 19 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give the English translation of the following verb forms:
erās, lūdēbant, vulnerābantur, reguntur, mittēbar, monent, erant, dabāmus, relinquēbātis, cūstōdiēbātur, dūcēbāminī, induimus, oppugnābant, vidēbāris, aperiēbam, cōgēbat II. Give the Latin for the following verb forms: I was; I was opening; I was being heard; he is leading; you (sg.) are leaving; you (pl.) used to be guarded; it was being burned; you (sg.) were directing; we are conquering; they were fearing; they used to be dragged; you (pl.) were; they were doing; I am |
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Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Yesterday the children were listening to the words of the attendant.
2. At Olympia the ancient temples were truly beautiful.
3. The temples of the gods and goddesses were carefully guarded, for beautiful gifts were often placed on the altars.
4. Here the greatest of the gods (the greatest god) used to have a temple .
5. His throne was often decorated with wreaths, and was never left unguarded.
6. The gods used to live on Olympus and direct the plans of men and women.
7. The Greeks and Trojans were advised by the gods.
8. Discord among the goddesses was the cause of the Trojan war.
2. At Olympia the ancient temples were truly beautiful.
3. The temples of the gods and goddesses were carefully guarded, for beautiful gifts were often placed on the altars.
4. Here the greatest of the gods (the greatest god) used to have a temple .
5. His throne was often decorated with wreaths, and was never left unguarded.
6. The gods used to live on Olympus and direct the plans of men and women.
7. The Greeks and Trojans were advised by the gods.
8. Discord among the goddesses was the cause of the Trojan war.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 19 Sentence Translation Practice (Specifically Imperfect Tense: Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 19 Sentence Translation Practice (Everything So Far)
Chapter 19 Imperfect Tense Verb Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 19 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present and Imperfect Tense -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 19 Noun Ending Chart Practice
Chapter 19 Sentence Translation Practice (Specifically Imperfect Tense: Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 19 Sentence Translation Practice (Everything So Far)
Chapter 19 Imperfect Tense Verb Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 19 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present and Imperfect Tense -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 19 Noun Ending Chart Practice