Chapter 2 Vocabulary
amat, he/she/it loves, likes
amant, they love, liks antīqua, old, ancient cūr, why dēlectat, he/she/it delights, pleases dēlectant, they delight, pleases et...et, both...and habet, he/she/it has |
habent, they have
longa, long neque, and, not, nor, neither neque...neque, neither...nor nova, new, fresh, recent, modern quod, because Rōmāna, Roman tēcta, enclosed, covered |
Chapter 2 Derivatives
amat: amatory, Amanda, amity, amorous, enamor, amateur
antīqua: antique, antiquated, antiquarian |
dēlectat: delight, delectable
habet: habit, habitual, exhibit, prohibit |
SCHOLA RŌMĀNA I
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will change throughout the year, but it will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects)
Latin Text
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Schola est schola Rōmāna. Parva est schola Rōmāna sed magna est schola Americāna. Schola Romana iānuam nōn habet quod schola est aperta. Antīqua schola fenestram nōn habet quod schola nōn est tēcta. Antīqua schola mēnsam nōn habet. Schola Americāna mēnsam magnam habet. Schola antīqua magistram Americānam dēlectat. Schola Rōmāna Iūliam et Corneliam dēlectat. Cūr schola antīqua magistram Americānam dēlectat? Schola antīqua magistram Americānam dēlectat quod schola est aperta. Schola est schola Rōmāna. Parva est schola Rōmāna sed magna est schola Americāna. Schola Romana iānuam nōn habet quod schola est aperta. Antīqua schola fenestram nōn habet quod schola nōn est tēcta. Antīqua schola mēnsam nōn habet. Schola Americāna mēnsam magnam habet. Schola antīqua magistram Americānam dēlectat. Schola Rōmāna Iūliam et Corneliam dēlectat. Cūr schola antīqua magistram Americānam dēlectat? Schola antīqua magistram Americānam dēlectat quod schola est aperta. |
Translation Video |
SCHOLA RŌMĀNA I: Responde Latine
1. Quālīs est schola Rōmāna?
2. Quālīs est schola Americāna? 3. Cūr schola Rōmāna iānuam nōn habet? *cur = why? 4. Cūr scholā antīquā fenestram nōn habet? 5. Quid schola Americāna habet? |
6. Quālem mēnsam schola Americāna habet? *qualem = what kind of?
7. Quem schola antīqua dēlectat? *quem = whom 8. Quem schola Rōmāna dēlectat? 9. Cūr scholā antīquā magistram Americānam dēlectat? 10. Cūr scholā antīquā puellam Rōmānam dēlectat? |
SCHOLA RŌMĀNA I: Discussion
- In the sentence "Schola Romana ianuam non habet," what is the subject? Are the words "schola" and "ianuam" in this sentence used in the same way? How is "ianuam" used?
- In the English sentence, "He strikes the ball," "ball" is said to receive the action of the verb "strikes." In the same way in the sentence "he has the ball" or "he admires the ball," we say that "ball" receives the action of the verbs "has" and "admires." In all of these sentences "he" is the subject of the verb and "ball" is the direct object, often simply called "the object," of the verb.
- When we see an expression like "he strikes" or "he praises," we think at once "what does he strike?" or "whom does he praise?" But not all verbs have direct objects. Sentences like "he smiles" or "I agree" do not lead us to ask, "what does he smile?" or whom do I agree?" These verbs are complete without a direct object.
- In the Latin sentence quoted above, "Schola Romana ianuam non habet," the word "ianuam" is the direct object of "habet." Find other direct objects in the story. What endings does each of these words have? Does each represent one thing or more than one?
- The word that receives the action of a transitive verb is called the direct object of the verb and is in the Accusative Case. Notice that the ending of the Accusative singular is "-am."
SCHOLA RŌMĀNA II
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects)
Latin Text
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Scholae magistram et puellās dēlectant. Antīqua schola Rōmāna est. Nova schola Americāna est. Schola antīqua longās sellās habet. Schola nova parvās sellās habet. Schola Rōmāna neque iānuam neque fenestram habet. Schola Americāna et iānuās et fenestrās habet. Antīquae scholae sunt apertae; sed novae scholae sunt tēctae. Schola Rōmāna puellās Americānās dēlectat quod puellae Americānae scholās apertās amant. *neque...neque, neither...nor *et...et, both...and Scholae magistram et puellās dēlectant. Antīqua schola Rōmāna est. Nova schola Americāna est. Schola antīqua longās sellās habet. Schola nova parvās sellās habet. Schola Rōmāna neque iānuam neque fenestram habet. Schola Americāna et iānuās et fenestrās habet. Antīquae scholae sunt apertae; sed novae scholae sunt tēctae. Schola Rōmāna puellās Americānās dēlectat quod puellae Americānae scholās apertās amant. *neque...neque, neither...nor *et...et, both...and |
Translation Video |
SCHOLA RŌMĀNA II: Responde Latine
1. Quās scholae dēlectant?
2. Quālīs est schola Rōmāna?
3. Quālēs sellās schola antīqua habet? *quales = accusative plural "what kind of?"
4. Quālēs sellās schola nova habet?
5. Quid schola Americāna habet?
6. Quās schola Rōmāna dēlectat? *quas = accusative plural "whom?"
2. Quālīs est schola Rōmāna?
3. Quālēs sellās schola antīqua habet? *quales = accusative plural "what kind of?"
4. Quālēs sellās schola nova habet?
5. Quid schola Americāna habet?
6. Quās schola Rōmāna dēlectat? *quas = accusative plural "whom?"
SCHOLA RŌMĀNA II: Discussion
- In the sentence "Scholae magistram et puellas delectant," how is the word "magistram" being used? In what case and number is it? How is the word "puellas" being used? If both "magistram" and "puellas" are used as direct objects, in what case are they? Why are the endings different? Find other words being used as plural direct objects. What ending do they have? The ending of the Accusative Plural is "-ās"
- Accusative Singular: puellam
- Accusative Plural: puellās
Grammar Notes
Accusative Case (Direct Objects)
So far, we have seen nouns/adjectives that end in either "-a," or "-ae". These have mostly been used when the noun is the subject of the sentence. Now, though, we are going to expand our Latin sentences by including something called a "direct object." A direct object is used to mark the person or thing that receives the action of the verb. This is different from a subject, which performs the action of the sentence. We call this case the "Accusative Case." Take a look at the following sentences and pay attention to what the word "girl" is doing:
1) Puella sub arbore sedet. (The girl sits under the tree)
2) Cornelius puellam audit. (Cornelius hears the girl)
In sentence 1, the word "girl" is the subject of the sentence. This is confirmed by the ending "-a," which we know marks a subject. In sentence 2, the word "girl" is doing something different-- it can't be the subject, since "Cornelius" fills that role. Additionally, "the girl" is not hearing anything-- Cornelius is doing the hearing. So what is the function of "the girl" in the sentence? It is the person that is receiving the action of the sentence. In other words, it is the person/thing being heard. One easy way to check for a direct object is to ask yourself the questions "who?" and "what?" in relation to the verb. For instance, if you had the sentence "Cornelius hears the girl," you could ask "Cornelius hears who/what?" If you have an answer in your sentence, that word will be the direct object. In our example, the answer is "puellam," which is our direct object.
1) Puella sub arbore sedet. (The girl sits under the tree)
2) Cornelius puellam audit. (Cornelius hears the girl)
In sentence 1, the word "girl" is the subject of the sentence. This is confirmed by the ending "-a," which we know marks a subject. In sentence 2, the word "girl" is doing something different-- it can't be the subject, since "Cornelius" fills that role. Additionally, "the girl" is not hearing anything-- Cornelius is doing the hearing. So what is the function of "the girl" in the sentence? It is the person that is receiving the action of the sentence. In other words, it is the person/thing being heard. One easy way to check for a direct object is to ask yourself the questions "who?" and "what?" in relation to the verb. For instance, if you had the sentence "Cornelius hears the girl," you could ask "Cornelius hears who/what?" If you have an answer in your sentence, that word will be the direct object. In our example, the answer is "puellam," which is our direct object.
Notice, too, how it does not end in "-a." Instead, it ends in "-am." This is our new noun/adjective ending-- whenever a noun/adjective ends in "-m," it is marking a direct object. It follows these rules:
1) If a noun ends in "-a" as a singular subject, it will end in "-am" as a singular direct object
2) If a noun ends in "-ae" as a plural subject, it will end in "-ās" as a singular direct object
1) If a noun ends in "-a" as a singular subject, it will end in "-am" as a singular direct object
2) If a noun ends in "-ae" as a plural subject, it will end in "-ās" as a singular direct object
For a helpful review of the basic grammar we've learned so far, feel free to watch the video above! |
The video above is a helpful Nominative/Accusative Case overview |
Latin Word Order
One last note: don't get tripped up by Latin word order! In English, the direct object must follow the verb (ex. "I throw the ball"). In Latin, the word order is not as strict-- the endings tell us the function of each word. So, all of these sentences mean the exact same thing (Cornelius hears the girl):
Cornelius puellam audit. Cornelius audit puellam. Puellam audit Cornelius. Audit puellam Cornelius. Audit Cornelius puellam. Puellam Cornelius audit. |
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Chapter 2 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Supply the correct case endings for each sentence. Then translate. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Supply the correct case endings for each sentence. Then translate. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Puell_____ American_____ scholam Rōman_____ amant.
2. Schol_____ aperta magistr_____ (sing.) dēlectat. 3. Schol_____ sellās parv_____ habent. 4. Magistra est bōn_____; puellae sunt bōn_____. 5. Antīqua schola et magistr_____ et discipul_____ dēlectat. |
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Grammar Exercise 2: Write in Latin
Write the following English sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following English sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Modern schools are large, but ancient schools are small.
2. The Roman school has neither doors nor windows because the school is open. 3. The ancient school has long benches. 4. Both the teacher and the students like the ancient school. 5. The American school is new. 6. Why are the windows open? 7. Cornelia and Julia are standing up. 8. The teacher is standing, too. 9. The teacher likes the good students; the students like the good teacher. 10. Both the woman and the girls are American. |
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Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 2 Magistrula
Chapter 2 Magistrula