Chapter 21 Vocabulary
aedificium, aedifīcī, n., building
angustus, -a, -um, narrow arēna, -ae, f., sand; arena currō, currere, to run dīcō, dīcere, to say, tell, express exspectō, exspectāre, to await, expect, wait for fībula, -ae, f., pin, brooch glōria, -ae, f., glory legō, legere, to choose; read mox, soon negōtium, negōtī, n., business, task |
ōtium, ōtī, n., leisure, rest
per (+acc.), through pompa, -ae, f., procession, parade prope (+acc.), near quadrīgae, quadrīgārum, f. pl., team of four horses, chariot with team scūtum, -ī, n., shield sententia, -ae, f., thought, opinion spectāculum, -ī, n., exhibition, spectacle subsellium, subsellī, n., bench, seat tardus, -a, -um, slow, tardy volō, volāre, to fly; to walk or run with great speed |
Chapter 21 Derivatives
aedificium: edifice
currere: curricular, curriculum, cursory, precursor, excursion, courier, course, current, cursive dīcere: contradict, benediction, diction, predict, dictator, contradict, edict, dictionary exspectāre: expectancy, expect, expectation glōria: glory, glorious, glorify |
legere: legible, illegible, elect, lectern, select, neglect, collect. legion
negōtium: negotiate, negotiation pompa: pompous, pomp, pompadour sententia: sentence spectāculum: spectacular, spectacle tardus: tardy volāre: volley, volatile |
PŪBLIUS ET SERVIUS
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Pūblius et Servius in hortō lūdunt. Prope puerōs parvōs Tullia cum amicā Camillā sedet. Fēminae puerōs spectant et audiunt. "Nōn semper," inquit Pūblius, "parvī erimus. Tum nōs quoque cum Lūciō et Aulō Rōmam ambulābimus." "Mox discipulī erimus et cotīdiē ad lūdum properābimus," respondet Servius. "Quid in lūdō agēs?" rogat Pūblius. "In lūdō fābulās legam," respondet Servius. "Tūne, Servī, semper fābulās legēs?" "Interdum lūdī magister fābulās leget. Fābulās dē deīs et deābus leget," respondet Servius. "Nōs in lūdō multās fābulās lēgēmus!" clāmat Pūblius. "Quālēs fābulās, meī fīliī, lēgētis?" rogat Tullia. "Fābulās dē bellīs et dē aurīgīs legēmus," respondent Pūblius et Servius. "Meī fīliī parvī, Camilla," inquit Tullia, "libenter fābulās legent. Fortasse domī fābulās nārrābunt." "Parvī fīliī tuī sunt cārī, Tullia. Fortasse ad vīllam meam mox venient. Nunc domum properābō. Nōnne ad lectīcam, puerī, veniētis?" rogat Camilla. "Veniēmus sī Tullia quoque veniet," respondent puerī. "Cum fīliīs parvīs," inquit Tullia, "libenter veniam. Nōnne iterum, cāra Camilla, ad vīllam veniēs?" "Mox veniam et fīliae meae quoque venient," respondet Camilla. Pūblius et Servius in hortō lūdunt. Prope puerōs parvōs Tullia cum amicā Camillā sedet. Fēminae puerōs spectant et audiunt. "Nōn semper," inquit Pūblius, "parvī erimus. Tum nōs quoque cum Lūciō et Aulō Rōmam ambulābimus." "Mox discipulī erimus et cotīdiē ad lūdum properābimus," respondet Servius. "Quid in lūdō agēs?" rogat Pūblius. "In lūdō fābulās legam," respondet Servius. "Tūne, Servī, semper fābulās legēs?" "Interdum lūdī magister fābulās leget. Fābulās dē deīs et deābus leget," respondet Servius. "Nōs in lūdō multās fābulās lēgēmus!" clāmat Pūblius. "Quālēs fābulās, meī fīliī, lēgētis?" rogat Tullia. "Fābulās dē bellīs et dē aurīgīs legēmus," respondent Pūblius et Servius. "Meī fīliī parvī, Camilla," inquit Tullia, "libenter fābulās legent. Fortasse domī fābulās nārrābunt." "Parvī fīliī tuī sunt cārī, Tullia. Fortasse ad vīllam meam mox venient. Nunc domum properābō. Nōnne ad lectīcam, puerī, veniētis?" rogat Camilla. "Veniēmus sī Tullia quoque veniet," respondent puerī. "Cum fīliīs parvīs," inquit Tullia, "libenter veniam. Nōnne iterum, cāra Camilla, ad vīllam veniēs?" "Mox veniam et fīliae meae quoque venient," respondet Camilla. |
Translation Video |
PŪBLIUS ET SERVIUS: Discussion
- In the second paragraph of the story Publius et Servius, to what time do the forms of the verb lego refer? Read the forms as they occur in the story. How do they differ from the forms of the future tense of verbs of the first and second conjugations? What is the tense sign used?
- The future tense of verbs of the third conjugation does not use the tense sign "-bi-". The tense sign of the future of the third conjugation is "-ē-" ("-a-" in the first person singular), shortened as usual in the third person singular and plural, before -t and -nt. The future tense of verbs of the third conjugation is formed by dropping the stem vowel of the present stem and adding the tense sign "-ē-" and the personal endings. Notice carefully the variation in the first person singular and the third person singular and plural.
- Compare the future forms of venio with those of lego. In what respect are they alike? How do they differ? The future tense in the fourth conjugation also has the tense sign "-ē-"; but note that the stem vowel "-ī" of the present stem is shortened to "-i" before adding the future tense sign "-ē-". The future tense sign and the endings are exactly as in the third conjugation.
- Memorize thoroughly the following paradigms. The translations are in the form I shall send, you will send, etc., for the active and I shall be sent, you will be sent, etc., for the passive.
Reading Lesson: CRĀS
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Crās Cornēlius fīliōs Lūcium et Aulum ad Forum Rōmānum dūcet. Ibi puerī aedificia multa et magna vidēbunt. Multōs virōs clārōs quoque vidēbunt. Nam virī clārī ad Forum Rōmānum cotīdiē veniunt. Multa verba dē glōriā patriae dīcentur et audientur. Fortasse Cornēlius sententiam dē bellō dīcet. Tum puerī laetī erunt quod Cornēlius ā multīs audiētur et laudābitur. Forum Rōmānum virōrum et fēminārum erit plēnum. Erit pompa in Forō Rōmānō. Virī ad templa deōrum properābunt. Fēminae ad tabernās ambulābunt et puerī tardī ad lūdōs current. In Forō nōn erit ōtium quod multum negōtium agētur. Cornēlius rogābit, "Nōnne, puerī, in tabernās veniētis?" "Libenter in tabernās veniēmus, nam dōna ad Tulliam līberōsque mittēmus," respondēbunt fīliī. Ē tabernīs multa dōna ad vīllam ā servīs portābuntur. Parvum scūtum ad Pūblium parvus gladius ad Servium mittētur. Ad Tulliam fībula pulchra mittētur. Tum Cornēlius et fīliī per angustās viās Rōmae ad Circum Maximum properābunt, et cum amīcīs spectāculum exspectābunt. Ē subselliīs spectāculum vidēbunt. Quadrīgae per arēnam volābunt. Equī celeriter current. Virī et fēminae et puerī clāmābunt. Tandem dēfessī domum venient et Tulliae līberīsque dōna dabunt. Crās Cornēlius fīliōs Lūcium et Aulum ad Forum Rōmānum dūcet. Ibi puerī aedificia multa et magna vidēbunt. Multōs virōs clārōs quoque vidēbunt. Nam virī clārī ad Forum Rōmānum cotīdiē veniunt. Multa verba dē glōriā patriae dīcentur et audientur. Fortasse Cornēlius sententiam dē bellō dīcet. Tum puerī laetī erunt quod Cornēlius ā multīs audiētur et laudābitur. Forum Rōmānum virōrum et fēminārum erit plēnum. Erit pompa in Forō Rōmānō. Virī ad templa deōrum properābunt. Fēminae ad tabernās ambulābunt et puerī tardī ad lūdōs current. In Forō nōn erit ōtium quod multum negōtium agētur. Cornēlius rogābit, "Nōnne, puerī, in tabernās veniētis?" "Libenter in tabernās veniēmus, nam dōna ad Tulliam līberōsque mittēmus," respondēbunt fīliī. Ē tabernīs multa dōna ad vīllam ā servīs portābuntur. Parvum scūtum ad Pūblium parvus gladius ad Servium mittētur. Ad Tulliam fībula pulchra mittētur. Tum Cornēlius et fīliī per angustās viās Rōmae ad Circum Maximum properābunt, et cum amīcīs spectāculum exspectābunt. Ē subselliīs spectāculum vidēbunt. Quadrīgae per arēnam volābunt. Equī celeriter current. Virī et fēminae et puerī clāmābunt. Tandem dēfessī domum venient et Tulliae līberīsque dōna dabunt. |
Translation Video |
Grammar Notes
The Future Tense (All Conjugations)
Future Tense: 1st/2nd Conjugation ("-āre"/"-ēre") -- Active Voice
When you are using a 1st or 2nd Conjugation verb, the Future Tense is actually pretty easy, as it follows the same process as Imperfect Tense, just with a different infix. Here are the steps to form the Future Tense with a 1st/2nd Conjugation verb:
1) Go to the Infinitive and drop the "-re" ending to get your Present Stem 2) Add the infix "-bō-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bu-" 3) Add your personal endings: "-s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt" *Note that you do NOT need to add any ending for 1st Person Singular, since the Future Tense infix already ends in an "-ō" Here are a few examples: |
"Conjugation" ReminderRemember, we can tell the "Conjugation" of a verb by how it's Infinitive is spelled! -āre = 1st Conjugation -ēre = 2nd Conjugation -ere = 3rd Conjugation -īre = 4th Conjugation |
Passive Voice: Future Tense (1st/2nd Conjugation)
The rules for verb conjugation in the Future Tense are:
1. Go to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and drop the "-re" -- this gives you the "Present Stem"
*At this point, the next steps are dependent on what conjugation the verb belongs to!
For 1st/2nd Conjugation Verbs:
1. Add the infix "-bo-, -be-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bu-"
2. Add your Passive Voice endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)
1. Go to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and drop the "-re" -- this gives you the "Present Stem"
*At this point, the next steps are dependent on what conjugation the verb belongs to!
For 1st/2nd Conjugation Verbs:
1. Add the infix "-bo-, -be-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bu-"
2. Add your Passive Voice endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)
Future Tense: 3rd/4th Conjugation ("-ere"/"-īre")
Here is where the Future Tense gets a bit tricky -- when you have a 3rd or 4th Conjugation verb, you do NOT use an infix! So the process looks different than with 1st and 2nd Conjugation verbs. Instead, the Future Tense is created by changing the vowel right in front of the ending. Here are the steps to form the Future Tense with a 3rd/4th Conjugation verb:
1) Go to the Infinitive and drop the "-re" ending to get your Present Stem
2) Change the vowel on the end of your stem to ("-a, -ē, -e, -ē, -ē, -e")
*Note that the "-e" is long for 2nd person (singular and plural) and 1st person plural
*Note that for 4th conjugation verbs, there will be an "-i-" in front of the "-a, -ē, -e, -ē, -ē, -e"
3) Add your personal endings: "-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt"
*Note that with 3rd/4th Conjugation verbs, you DO need to put the 1st person singular ending on your verb ("-m")
Here is a look at Future Tense, Active Voice for all 4 conjugations:
1) Go to the Infinitive and drop the "-re" ending to get your Present Stem
2) Change the vowel on the end of your stem to ("-a, -ē, -e, -ē, -ē, -e")
*Note that the "-e" is long for 2nd person (singular and plural) and 1st person plural
*Note that for 4th conjugation verbs, there will be an "-i-" in front of the "-a, -ē, -e, -ē, -ē, -e"
3) Add your personal endings: "-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt"
*Note that with 3rd/4th Conjugation verbs, you DO need to put the 1st person singular ending on your verb ("-m")
Here is a look at Future Tense, Active Voice for all 4 conjugations:
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Hi Paws...
If you're looking for something to help you with Present, Imperfect and Future Tense verb conjugation, check out the HiPaws videos below! Fair warning, they will stick in your head...
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Chapter 21 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Translate:
agētur, curret, sēdētis, leguntur, habētur, audiēminī, veniētis, erimus, legentur, celebrābunt, volābit, mittēminī II. Write in Latin: They will fly, they will sit, they will run, they will come, you (sg.) will be called, you will be heard, you will be led, you will be advised, he will await, he will be awaited, he will put on, they will say. |
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Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Many buildings will be seen near the Roman Forum.
2. There will be no horses in the narrow streets.
3. The great procession will soon come through the Circus Maximus.
4. The tardy boys will run quickly to their seats and they will watch the exhibition.
5. The four horse teams will fly quickly through the arena.
6. Cornelius will have leisure, and will express his opinion about the charioteers.
7. Much business will be done at Rome.
8. Meanwhile the little boys are waiting for Cornelius at home.
9. Tullia is reading stories about the glory of Rome.
10. Tullia's brooch is beautiful, and the shield and sword delight the little boys.
2. There will be no horses in the narrow streets.
3. The great procession will soon come through the Circus Maximus.
4. The tardy boys will run quickly to their seats and they will watch the exhibition.
5. The four horse teams will fly quickly through the arena.
6. Cornelius will have leisure, and will express his opinion about the charioteers.
7. Much business will be done at Rome.
8. Meanwhile the little boys are waiting for Cornelius at home.
9. Tullia is reading stories about the glory of Rome.
10. Tullia's brooch is beautiful, and the shield and sword delight the little boys.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 21 Sentence Translation Practice (Specifically Future Tense: Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 21 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 21 Future Tense Verb Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 21 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect, Future Tense -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 21 Noun Ending Chart Practice
Chapter 21 Sentence Translation Practice (Specifically Future Tense: Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 21 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 21 Future Tense Verb Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 21 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect, Future Tense -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 21 Noun Ending Chart Practice