Chapter 23 Vocabulary
auctōritās, auctōritātis, f., power, influence, authority
dexter, dextra, dextrum, right dextra, -ae, f., right hand dux, ducis, m., leader eques, equitis, m., horseman; cavalry (when plural) lapis, lapidis, m., stone lēx, lēgis, f., law lōrīca, -ae, f., armor, corselet mīles, mīlitis, m., soldier pāx, pācis, f., peace pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier; infantry (when plural) pēs, pedis, m., foot |
populus, -ī, m., a people, nation
prīnceps, prīncipis, m., chief rēx, rēgis, m., king sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left sinstra, -ae, f., left hand spolium, spolī, n., spoils, booty tot, so many triumphus, -ī, m., triumph triumphum agere, to hold a triumph virtūs, virtūtis, f., courage, valor ab equō pugnāre, to fight on horseback pedibus pugnāre, to fight on foot |
Chapter 23 Derivatives
dexter: dexterity, dexterous, ambidextrous
dux: duke, duchess, duchy eques: equestrian lēx: legicide, lexicon, legitimate, legislation, legislator, legal, privilege mīles: military, militia, mile pāx: pacify, appease, pacific |
pēs: pedestrian, pedestal, pedal, biped, impediment, impede, pedicure, centipede, expedite, peddler
populus: populate, population, popular, populist, populace prīnceps: principal, prince, principle rēx: regal, regicide, Rex, regalia virtūs: virtue, virtuous |
DUX ET MĪLITĒS
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Dux bellum amat. Libenter dux armātōs ad bellum dūcit. Vīta ducis perīculōrum est plēna; sed ducis virtūs est magna. Ducī patria est cāra. Saepe patria ducem vocat; tum ā duce armātī ad bellum dūcuntur. Erant apud Rōmānōs multī et clārī ducēs. Statuae ducum clārōrum in Forō Rōmānō vidēbantur. Bellum ducibus Rōmānīs erat semper grātum quod spolia erant multa. Nōs ducēs Rōmānōs laudāmus et fābulās dē ducibus legimus. Mīlēs bellum amat. Virtūs mīlitis est magna. Victōria mīlitī est grāta; itaque prō patriā dīligenter pugnat. Pāx quoque mīlitem dēlectat et ā mīlite laudātur. Apud Rōmānōs erant multī et clārī mīlitēs. Victōriae mīlitum Rōmānōrum erant multae. Saepe magnī triumphī agēbantur. Triumphī et ducibus et mīlitibus erant grātī. Populus Rōmānus mīlitēs laudābat quod multa spolia ā ducibus mīlitibusque Rōmam portābantur. Lēx antīqua erat: victōrī sunt spolia. Nōtā bene: Victōrī sunt spolia: to the victor belong the spoils Dux bellum amat. Libenter dux armātōs ad bellum dūcit. Vīta ducis perīculōrum est plēna; sed ducis virtūs est magna. Ducī patria est cāra. Saepe patria ducem vocat; tum ā duce armātī ad bellum dūcuntur. Erant apud Rōmānōs multī et clārī ducēs. Statuae ducum clārōrum in Forō Rōmānō vidēbantur. Bellum ducibus Rōmānīs erat semper grātum quod spolia erant multa. Nōs ducēs Rōmānōs laudāmus et fābulās dē ducibus legimus. Mīlēs bellum amat. Virtūs mīlitis est magna. Victōria mīlitī est grāta; itaque prō patriā dīligenter pugnat. Pāx quoque mīlitem dēlectat et ā mīlite laudātur. Apud Rōmānōs erant multī et clārī mīlitēs. Victōriae mīlitum Rōmānōrum erant multae. Saepe magnī triumphī agēbantur. Triumphī et ducibus et mīlitibus erant grātī. Populus Rōmānus mīlitēs laudābat quod multa spolia ā ducibus mīlitibusque Rōmam portābantur. Lēx antīqua erat: victōrī sunt spolia. Nōtā bene: Victōrī sunt spolia: to the victor belong the spoils |
Translation Video |
DUX ET MĪLITĒS: Responde Latine
1. Quis bellum amat?
2. Cuius virtūs est magna? 3. Cui est patria grāta? 4. Quem patria vocat? 5. Ā quō armātī ad bellum dūcuntur? 6. Nõnne erant apud Rōmānōs multī ducēs clārī? 7. Quōrum statuae in Forō Rōmānō vidēbantur? 8. Quibus erat bellum grātum? 9. Quōs laudāmus? 10. Dē quibus fābulās legimus? |
11. Nõnne mīles bellum amat?
12. Cuius virtūs est magna? 13. Cui est victōria cāra? 14. Quem pāx dēlectat? 15. Ā quō pāx laudātur? 16. Erantne multī mīlitēs clārī apud Rōmānōs? 17. Nõnne erant victōriae mīlitum Rōmānōrum multae? 18. Quibus triumphī erant grātī? 19. Quōs Rōmānī laudābant? 20. Ā quibus multa spolia Rōmam portābantur? |
Nōtā bene:
Quibus, dative and ablative plural, all three genders of interrogative pronoun.
Quibus, dative and ablative plural, all three genders of interrogative pronoun.
DUX ET MĪLITĒS: Discussion
- In the first paragraph of the story, find examples of the nominative and genitive singular of the word dux. What is the ending of the genitive singular? What is the base to which the ending is added? Does the nominative case use this base? At first, the nominative case does not seem to show this base; but "x" is a double consonant and stands for the combination "cs", and the base of dux, ducis can be shown in the nominative by writing duc-s, duc-is.
- A noun whose genitive singular ends in "-is" belongs to the third declension. Find examples of the remaining cases in the singular. In the second paragraph find examples of these cases used in the plural. The endings used with these words are those of masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension.
- In the third and fourth paragraphs, find examples of all cases of the singular and plural of the word miles. What letters form the base? How does the base differ from the nominative? Many nouns of the third declension have a nominative in "x" or "s". If the base of a noun ends in "c" or "g", its nominative ends in "x"; as, dux, ducis, base "duc-"; lēx, lēgis, base "lēg-". Nouns whose nominative ends in "s" often have a base ending in "t", or "d", or "p". You will find examples of such nouns in the Reading Lesson which follows.
- In the Reading Lesson of this chapter other new nouns of the third declension are used. Memorize carefully the nominative singular, the genitive singular, and the gender. Notice that masculine and feminine nouns have the same endings. Learn carefully the spelling of the base from the genitive form, as the endings for all the cases except the nominative and vocative are added to this base.
- Learn the following paradigms of masculine feminine nouns in "s" or "x":
Reading Lesson: MĪLITĒS RŌMĀNĪ
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Auctōritās Rōmāna erat magna quod Rōma tot mīlitēs habēbat. Mīlitēs erant peditēs et equitēs. Eques equum habēbat et ab equō (on horseback) pugnābat. Pedes equum nōn habēbat; pedibus (afoot) pugnābat. Equitēs proelium committēbant sed peditēs pilīs et gladiīs proelium gerēbant. Arma peditis erant lōrīca, galea, scūtum, gladius. In sinistrā scūtum, in dextrā pilum portābātur. Interdum mīlitēs Rōmānī oppidum oppugnābant, et magnī lapidēs in mūrōs oppidī mittēbantur. Virtūs mīlitum Rōmānōrum erat magna. Ā rēgibus et prīncipibus multārum terrārum Rōmānī timēbantur quod fāma mīlitum Rōmānōrum erat magna. Līberī rēgum et prīncipum saepe erant obsidēs Rōmānōrum et Rōmam dūcēbantur. Multās fābulās dē obsidibus Romanõrum legēmus. Auctōritās Rōmāna erat magna quod Rōma tot mīlitēs habēbat. Mīlitēs erant peditēs et equitēs. Eques equum habēbat et ab equō (on horseback) pugnābat. Pedes equum nōn habēbat; pedibus (afoot) pugnābat. Equitēs proelium committēbant sed peditēs pilīs et gladiīs proelium gerēbant. Arma peditis erant lōrīca, galea, scūtum, gladius. In sinistrā scūtum, in dextrā pilum portābātur. Interdum mīlitēs Rōmānī oppidum oppugnābant, et magnī lapidēs in mūrōs oppidī mittēbantur. Virtūs mīlitum Rōmānōrum erat magna. Ā rēgibus et prīncipibus multārum terrārum Rōmānī timēbantur quod fāma mīlitum Rōmānōrum erat magna. Līberī rēgum et prīncipum saepe erant obsidēs Rōmānōrum et Rōmam dūcēbantur. Multās fābulās dē obsidibus Romanõrum legēmus. |
Translation Video |
Grammar Notes
Declensions: Quick Review
Since our first look at Latin, we've discussed how we group Latin nouns into "Declensions". Remember, "Declension" is just a technical language term that means "group of nouns," so don't get too overwhelmed by the terminology!
So far, we've learned 2 Declensions for Nouns. We also learned that we know the Declension of a noun by looking at it's Genitive Singular ending (the 2nd piece listed in a dictionary). We learned that 1st Declension nouns have "-ae" as the Genitive Singular, while 2nd Declension nouns have "-ī" as the Genitive Singular.
In this chapter, though, we are introduced to the 3rd Declension. Nouns in this declension use the same Cases as all the other nouns we've learned so far, they just use different endings! To recognize a noun as being 3rd Declension, just look for a Genitive Singular ending of "-is". Here's a recap:
Genitive Singular Ending:
-ae = 1st Declension (ex. "puella, -ae, f., girl")
-ī = 2nd Declension (ex. "servus, -ī, m., slave")
-is = 3rd Declension (ex. "dux, ducis, m., leader")
So far, we've learned 2 Declensions for Nouns. We also learned that we know the Declension of a noun by looking at it's Genitive Singular ending (the 2nd piece listed in a dictionary). We learned that 1st Declension nouns have "-ae" as the Genitive Singular, while 2nd Declension nouns have "-ī" as the Genitive Singular.
In this chapter, though, we are introduced to the 3rd Declension. Nouns in this declension use the same Cases as all the other nouns we've learned so far, they just use different endings! To recognize a noun as being 3rd Declension, just look for a Genitive Singular ending of "-is". Here's a recap:
Genitive Singular Ending:
-ae = 1st Declension (ex. "puella, -ae, f., girl")
-ī = 2nd Declension (ex. "servus, -ī, m., slave")
-is = 3rd Declension (ex. "dux, ducis, m., leader")
3rd Declension Nouns ending in "x" or "s"
One major way that the 3rd declension is different, though, is that it does NOT have one set ending for it's Nominative Singular ending. In contrast, 1st Declension Nouns have '-a" and 2nd Declension use "-us" as their Nominative Singular endings. And so, in most noun ending charts we simply put "--", which means there is no set pattern. That does NOT mean there is no Nominative Singular form! In fact, in this chapter we were introduced to 2 common Nominative Singular endings for 3rd Declension nouns: "-x" and "-s".
3rd Declension Nouns are odd, since the Genitive Singular ending (often called the nouns "base") is not spelled the same way as it's Nominative Case. For instance, "dux, ducis, m., leader". Why does the Nominative end in an "x" but the Genitive ends in a "c"? To understand this, think back to our discussion on the Latin alphabet. The letter "x" is really a double consonant, "cs". When you say "dux" you can actually hear this and understand that an alternate way to spell the word phonetically would be "ducs". When you see this, you can understand why the Genitive uses the "c" ending!
Don't get too hung up on this, though. When you look a word up in the dictionary, you'll always be able to see the Genitive Singular and see any consonant changes. You'll get used to it!
Apart from the Nominative Singular and the odd consonant switch in the Genitive Singular, the 3rd Declension is really straightforward. One last thing to note -- there are Masculine, Feminine and Neuter nouns in the 3rd Declension. So pay close attention to the gender when learning the vocabulary! For now, we will look specifically at Masculine and Feminine nouns.
Again, we use them the same way as 1st/2nd Declension nouns, just with different endings. Here is the 3rd Declension noun ending chart:
3rd Declension Nouns are odd, since the Genitive Singular ending (often called the nouns "base") is not spelled the same way as it's Nominative Case. For instance, "dux, ducis, m., leader". Why does the Nominative end in an "x" but the Genitive ends in a "c"? To understand this, think back to our discussion on the Latin alphabet. The letter "x" is really a double consonant, "cs". When you say "dux" you can actually hear this and understand that an alternate way to spell the word phonetically would be "ducs". When you see this, you can understand why the Genitive uses the "c" ending!
Don't get too hung up on this, though. When you look a word up in the dictionary, you'll always be able to see the Genitive Singular and see any consonant changes. You'll get used to it!
Apart from the Nominative Singular and the odd consonant switch in the Genitive Singular, the 3rd Declension is really straightforward. One last thing to note -- there are Masculine, Feminine and Neuter nouns in the 3rd Declension. So pay close attention to the gender when learning the vocabulary! For now, we will look specifically at Masculine and Feminine nouns.
Again, we use them the same way as 1st/2nd Declension nouns, just with different endings. Here is the 3rd Declension noun ending chart:
Updated Noun Ending Chart
Now that we've encountered 3rd Declension nouns, we can create our most updated chart for all Latin nouns. Make sure to add this to your notes!
Chapter 23 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Decline the Latin expressions for the following: Roman foot soldier, large foot, German chief, good law, famous leader
II. Give the nominative singular, genitive singular, gender, nominative plural, and genitive plural, of the Latin nouns for the following: courage, stone, triumph, shield, hostage, power, peace, horseman, spoil, law, foot, king
III Supply the proper case endings:
1. Scūta pēdit___ erant magna.
2. Pēdit___ ped___ pugnant.
3. Milit___ lapid___ saepe vulnerābantur.
4. Auctōritās Rōmāna obsid___ nōn erat grāta.
5. Dūc___ multōs princip___ Rōmam dūcēbant.
6. Nōs leg___ Rōmānās laudāmus.
II. Give the nominative singular, genitive singular, gender, nominative plural, and genitive plural, of the Latin nouns for the following: courage, stone, triumph, shield, hostage, power, peace, horseman, spoil, law, foot, king
III Supply the proper case endings:
1. Scūta pēdit___ erant magna.
2. Pēdit___ ped___ pugnant.
3. Milit___ lapid___ saepe vulnerābantur.
4. Auctōritās Rōmāna obsid___ nōn erat grāta.
5. Dūc___ multōs princip___ Rōmam dūcēbant.
6. Nōs leg___ Rōmānās laudāmus.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. I shall read many stories about the power and laws of the Romans.
2. Roman leaders used to carry on war with cavalry and infantry.
3. The leader sometimes fought on (from) horseback, sometimes afoot.
4. Both the leader and (his) soldiers had great courage.
5. The Roman soldier used to wear a helmet and a corselet.
6. The left hand held the shield, the right hand the sword.
7. The soldiers used to storm a town with large stones.
8. Kings and chiefs were often hostages of the Roman leaders.
9. A triumph was a great spectacle because there were so many spoils.
10. Peace was also dear to the Roman people.
2. Roman leaders used to carry on war with cavalry and infantry.
3. The leader sometimes fought on (from) horseback, sometimes afoot.
4. Both the leader and (his) soldiers had great courage.
5. The Roman soldier used to wear a helmet and a corselet.
6. The left hand held the shield, the right hand the sword.
7. The soldiers used to storm a town with large stones.
8. Kings and chiefs were often hostages of the Roman leaders.
9. A triumph was a great spectacle because there were so many spoils.
10. Peace was also dear to the Roman people.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 23 3rd Declension Noun Ending Practice
Chapter 23 Sentence Translation (3rd Declension Specifically)
Chapter 23 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 23 Verb Conjugation (Present, Imperfect, Future Tense -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 23 Noun Ending Practice
Chapter 23 3rd Declension Noun Ending Practice
Chapter 23 Sentence Translation (3rd Declension Specifically)
Chapter 23 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 23 Verb Conjugation (Present, Imperfect, Future Tense -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 23 Noun Ending Practice