Chapter 25 Vocabulary
acceptus, -a, -um, acceptable, pleasing
aut, or aut...aut, either...or celeritās, celeritātis, f., quickness, speed cernō, cernere, to detect, distinguish certāmen, certāminis, n., contest, strife, race color, colōris, m., color compleō, complēre, to fill, cover corpus, corporis, n., body |
gladiātōrius, -a, -um, gladiatorial
magnitūdō, magnitūdinis, f., size mūnus, mūneris, n., reward, gift palma, -ae, f., palm leaf (a sign of victory) spectātor, spectātōris, m., spectator studium, studī, n., zeal, eagerness tegō, tegere, to cover, protect magnitūdō cōrporis, stature (idiom) |
Chapter 25 Derivatives
celeritās: celerity
cernere: excrement, excrete, discern, discriminate, discreet, secret complēre: complete, completion, accomplish, complement, comply |
corpus: corps, corpse, corporate, corporation, corporeal, corpulent, corporal, incorporate
magnitūdō: magnitude mūnus: remuneration, munificent, municipal studium: study, studious, student tegere: detect, protect, detection, protection |
"Pollice Verso" ("With a Turned Thumb") by Jean-Leon Gerome (1872)
DĒ CERTĀMINIBUS RŌMĀNĪS
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Populus Rōmānus lūdōs et spectācula amābat. Erant lūdī gladiātōriī, certāmina quadrīgārum, alia spectācula. Rōmānī lūdōs gladiātōriōs et certāmina quadrīgārum libenter spectābant. Certāmen quadrīgārum in Circō Maximō erat et populō Rōmānō maximē acceptum erat. Multitūdō virōrum et fēminārum et līberōrum certāmen quadrīgārum magnō cum studiō spectābat. Prīncipium certāminis quadrīgārum ā dominō lūdōrum nūntiābātur. Tum spectātōrēs cum studiō aurīgās salūtābant. Saepe aurīga erat servus. Corpus aurīgae aut rubrā aut albā tunicā tegēbātur. Colōre tunicae Rōmānī corpus aurīgae cernēbant. Pulchra erat aurīgae magnitūdō (stature) corporis. Maximā cum celeritāte equī currēbant. Corpora equōrum erant pulchra. Spectātōrēs corpora equōrum laudābant. Victōrī certāminis quadrīgārum palma ā dominō lūdōrum dabātur. Mūnus erat aurīgae grātum. Multa mūnera pulchra victōrī ā spectātōribus dabantur. Crās Cornēlius cum fīliīs Lūciō et Aulō Circum Maximum iterum intrābunt. Ibi puerī certāmen quadrīgārum maximō studiō spectābunt. Clamōrēs spectātōrum Circum Maximum complēbunt. Nōtā bene: Magnitūdō corporis, stature, build; literally, size of body Certāmen quadrīgārum, chariot race Populus Rōmānus lūdōs et spectācula amābat. Erant lūdī gladiātōriī, certāmina quadrīgārum, alia spectācula. Rōmānī lūdōs gladiātōriōs et certāmina quadrīgārum libenter spectābant. Certāmen quadrīgārum in Circō Maximō erat et populō Rōmānō maximē acceptum erat. Multitūdō virōrum et fēminārum et līberōrum certāmen quadrīgārum magnō cum studiō spectābat. Prīncipium certāminis quadrīgārum ā dominō lūdōrum nūntiābātur. Tum spectātōrēs cum studiō aurīgās salūtābant. Saepe aurīga erat servus. Corpus aurīgae aut rubrā aut albā tunicā tegēbātur. Colōre tunicae Rōmānī corpus aurīgae cernēbant. Pulchra erat aurīgae magnitūdō (stature) corporis. Maximā cum celeritāte equī currēbant. Corpora equōrum erant pulchra. Spectātōrēs corpora equōrum laudābant. Victōrī certāminis quadrīgārum palma ā dominō lūdōrum dabātur. Mūnus erat aurīgae grātum. Multa mūnera pulchra victōrī ā spectātōribus dabantur. Crās Cornēlius cum fīliīs Lūciō et Aulō Circum Maximum iterum intrābunt. Ibi puerī certāmen quadrīgārum maximō studiō spectābunt. Clamōrēs spectātōrum Circum Maximum complēbunt. Nōtā bene: Magnitūdō corporis, stature, build; literally, size of body Certāmen quadrīgārum, chariot race |
Translation Video |
DĒ CERTĀMINIBUS RŌMĀNĪS: Responde Latine
1. Quālēs erant lūdī?
2. Quid Rōmānī libenter spectābant? 3. Quid erat maximē acceptum? 4. Quōmodo multitūdō certāmen quadrīgārum spectābat? 5. Quōmodo spectātōrēs aurīgās salūtābant? 6. Quis erat aurīga? 7. Quid aut rubrā aut albā tunicā tegēbātur? 8. Quid Rōmānī colōre tunicae cernēbant? |
9. Quōmodo equī currēbant?
10. Nõnne erant corpora equōrum pulchra? 11. Quid spectātōrēs laudābant? 12. Quid erat aurīgae grātum? 13. Cui mūnera ā spectātōribus dabantur? 14. Quōmodo fīliī Cornēlī certāmen quadrīgārum spectābunt? 15. Quōrum clāmõrēs Circum Maximum complēbunt? |
Nōtā bene:
Quōmodo, how? This expression is really two words run together, quō and modō, and means in what manner?
Quōmodo, how? This expression is really two words run together, quō and modō, and means in what manner?
DĒ CERTĀMINIBUS RŌMĀNĪS: Discussion
- In the sentence Certāmen quadrigārum erat populo Romāno maximē acceptum, what does the adjective acceptum tell about the gender of the noun certāmen? In the sentence Principium certāminis quadrigārumā domino lūdōrum nūntiābātur, in what case is certāminis? To what declension then does certāmen belong?
- In the first paragraph of the story, find examples of the word certāmen in the nominative and accusative cases, singular and plural. What do you notice about the nominative and accusative singular ending? about the nominative and accusative plural ending? Neuter nouns of the third declension, like all neuters, have the same form in the nominative, accusative, and vocative. In the plural, they have the ending "a" for the nominative accusative and vocative. In all other cases they use the same endings as masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension. Memorize carefully the genitive of the neuter noun, for the endings must be added to the base obtained from this form.
- Many neuter nouns of the third declension end in "-en" in the nominative singular and in "-inis" in the genitive singular; as, certāmen, certāminis. Notice the vowel change in the genitive. In the second paragraph of the story, find two other neuter nouns. Give the nominative and genitive singular of each noun. Notice the spelling. Some neuter nouns of the third declension end in "-us" in the nominative singular, and "-oris" or "-eris" in the genitive singular; as, corpus, corporis and mūnus, mūneris
- Learn the following paradigms of neuter nouns: certāmen, certāminis, n., base certāmin-, contest, strife; corpus, corporis, n., base corpor-, body; mūnus, mūneris, n., base mūner-, gift.
- Observe the following phrases and tell what question they answer: magnō cum studiō, maximō studiō, cum studiō, maximā cum celeritāte. What case is used in these phrases? Is there a preposition? All the phrases tell the manner in which the action took place. The ablative may be used to express manner, ordinarily with the preposition cum; when so used, it is called an ablative of manner. When the word has an adjective modifier, the ablative may be used with or without the preposition. Notice the position of cum when an adjective is used: magnō cum studiō, with great zeal.
Grammar Notes
Quick Review: What is "Gender?"
In this chapter, we're returning to the concept of "grammatical gender" in Latin. You might remember that we said there are 3 genders in Latin: Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. So far, we've only seen Neuter Nouns in the 2nd Declension. Now, we will explore how Neuter nouns work in the 3rd Declension.
To start, let's do a quick recap of what we've already covered in terms of "gender" in Latin. In Latin, nouns are usually associated with being either male, female, or neither. Remember, the reasoning behind these associations are cultural and do NOT necessarily line up with our own culture and views! So when it comes to Latin gender, leave all preconceived notions at the door! We call words that are usually associated with men or being male "Masculine". We call words that are usually associated with women or being female "Feminine". And we call words that are associated with objects "Neuter" (in Latin, "neuter" means "neither"). Masculine nouns use the 2nd Declension noun endings ("-us"), while Feminine nouns use the 1st Declension noun endings ("-a"). So, it's not too hard to distinguish between those two genders. But what about Neuter? What endings does it use?
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Neuter Noun Endings
There are the rules you want to know about Neuter Nouns:
1) For 2nd Declension Neuter nouns, the main difference is that the Nominative form ends in a "-um" instead of a "-us." Because of this, 2nd Declension neuters are easy to spot in the dictionary. It is the difference between the word "servus, -ī, m.," which is Masculine, and "baculum, -ī, n.," which is Neuter.
2) the Nominative and Accusative endings are always the same! This applies to all Neuter nouns, regardless of if they are in the 2nd or 3rd Declension
3) the Nominative and Accusative Plural noun endings are always "-a" for Neuters, regardless of if they are in the 2nd or 3rd Declension
1) For 2nd Declension Neuter nouns, the main difference is that the Nominative form ends in a "-um" instead of a "-us." Because of this, 2nd Declension neuters are easy to spot in the dictionary. It is the difference between the word "servus, -ī, m.," which is Masculine, and "baculum, -ī, n.," which is Neuter.
2) the Nominative and Accusative endings are always the same! This applies to all Neuter nouns, regardless of if they are in the 2nd or 3rd Declension
3) the Nominative and Accusative Plural noun endings are always "-a" for Neuters, regardless of if they are in the 2nd or 3rd Declension
Pay attention to the 3rd Declension Neuters. Remember that in 3rd Declension, the Nominative doesn't have a set noun ending, so it can really be anything. But with Neuters, whatever the Nominative singular ending is, that is also the Accusative singular ending! For example, the word "nōmen, nōminis, n." would be spelled "nōmen" in the Nominative and Accusative singular. This gets a bit tricky, but just keep practicing and you will get the hang of it!
Here is the full noun ending chart we've learned so far!
Here is the full noun ending chart we've learned so far!
Ablative of Manner
In this chapter, we saw a few instances of a new use of the Ablative Case. In this new use, the Ablative is used to show the manner in which something is done. The Ablative of Manner is usually used with the preposition "cum" (ex. magnō cum studiō, with great zeal). To learn more, take a look at the Latin Tutorial video below!
Chapter 25 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Decline the Latin expressions for the following: great contest, beautiful body, pleasing gift, happy spectator, long winter.
II. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Spectātōrēs magn___ cum studi___ ad certāmen properant.
2. Erant mult___ certāmin___ in Circō Maximō.
3. Equus ped___ alb___ et corpus alb___ habet.
4. Multī equī corpor___ alb___ habent.
5. Victōrēs mūner___ amant.
6. Mūnus parv___ erat accept___.
II. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Spectātōrēs magn___ cum studi___ ad certāmen properant.
2. Erant mult___ certāmin___ in Circō Maximō.
3. Equus ped___ alb___ et corpus alb___ habet.
4. Multī equī corpor___ alb___ habent.
5. Victōrēs mūner___ amant.
6. Mūnus parv___ erat accept___.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Contests were especially pleasing to the Romans.
2. A multitude of people often filled the Circus Maximus.
3. The spectators watched both gladiatorial games and chariot races with great zeal.
4. The stature of the charioteer was praised.
5. Red tunics often covered the bodies of the charioteers.
6. The drivers were distinguished by their colors.
7. The horses will run with the greatest speed.
8. The palm leaf was the victor's reward.
2. A multitude of people often filled the Circus Maximus.
3. The spectators watched both gladiatorial games and chariot races with great zeal.
4. The stature of the charioteer was praised.
5. Red tunics often covered the bodies of the charioteers.
6. The drivers were distinguished by their colors.
7. The horses will run with the greatest speed.
8. The palm leaf was the victor's reward.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 25 Noun Ending Practice (3rd Declension Neuters)
Chapter 25 Sentence Translation (3rd Declension Neuter Nouns Specifically)
Chapter 25 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 25 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense -- Active/Passive Voice)
Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 25 Noun Ending Practice (3rd Declension Neuters)
Chapter 25 Sentence Translation (3rd Declension Neuter Nouns Specifically)
Chapter 25 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 25 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense -- Active/Passive Voice)
Noun Ending Chart (All)