Chapter 26 Vocabulary
ante (+acc.), before, in front of
caput, capitis, n., head, capital dīvidō, dīvidere, to divide, separate gaudium, gaudī, n., joy genus, generis, n., kind, class illūminō, illūmināre, to light up, illuminate imāgō, imāginis, f., image interficiō, interficere, to kill iter, itineris, n., journey, march, route iūdex, iūdicis, m., judge medius, -a, -um, middle, middle of mercātor, mercātōris, m., merchant mēta, -ae, f., goal |
nōmen, nōminis, n., name
post (+acc), after, behind signum, -ī, n., signal sōl, sōlis, m., sun spatium, spatī, n., space spīna, -ae, f., spine summus, -a, -um, highest, top of super (+acc.), above, over tempus, temporis, n., time terminus, -ī, m., end, boundary line vulnus, vulneris, n., wound iter facere, to march (idiom) |
Nōtā bene:
- Observe that medius is an adjective; it can sometimes be translated mid, though in English we use the adjective mid in only a few expressions, as in midair, midseason, midstream, etc. More often, the English idiom requires that medius be translated as if it were a noun: in mediō Circō Maximō, in the middle of the Circus Maximus
- In the same way the adjective summus, highest, must usually be translated as if it were a noun: in summā spīnā, on the top of the spine.
- Since medius and summus are adjectives, they always agree in gender, number, and case, with the word they modify.
Chapter 26 Derivatives
caput: achieve, triceps, biceps, decapitate, capital, occipital, captain, precipitation, chapter, cabbage, cap
dīvidere: divisive, divisible, divide, dividend, division, individual genus: gene, genetic, general illūmināre: illuminate, illumination imāgō: imagination, imagine, image iter: reiterate, iteration, iterative, itinerary iūdex: judge, judicial, prejudice nōmen: name, nomination, nominate, denomination, binomial, nomenclature, noun, pronoun, nominal |
signum: insignia, designate, consign, sign, signal, assign, signify, sigil, significant, design
sōl: solar, solarium, parasol, solstice spatium: spatial, space, spacious spīna: spine, porcupine, spinal tempus: tempo, temporary, temporal, contemporary, tense terminus: terminator, terminal, terminate, determine, termination, term, exterminate vulnus: vulnerable, invulnerable |
A painting of the Circus Maximus by Jean-Leon Gerome (1876)
DĒ CERTĀMINIBUS QUADRĪGĀRUM
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Nunc Cornēlius cum fīliīs Circum Maximum intrat. Magnō cum gaudiō puerī in subselliīs sedent. Circus Maximus puerōs dēlectat. Circus Maximus est aedificium longum. In mediō Circō Maximō est magna arēna. Sōl arēnam illūminat. Circum arēnam sunt subsellia. Dē subselliīs spectātōrēs lūdōs spectant. In Circō Maximō sunt multa genera hominum. Sunt ducēs, mercātōrēs, agricolae, servī. Dē subselliīs puerī magnō studiō arēnam spectant. Arēna mūrō angustō dīviditur. Nōmen mūrī angustī est "spīna." In spīnā sunt statuae clārōrum aurīgārum et equōrum. Prope terminōs spīnae sunt columnae altae. Columnae sunt mētae. In summā spīnā prope mētās iūdicēs stant. Circum spīnam equī volant. "Nōnne est tempus certāminis, pater" rogant puerī. "Nōndum, meī fīliī," respondet Cornēlius. "Ante certāmen semper est pompa. Pompa per viās ad Circum Maximum iter facit. In pompā sunt equī, aurīgae, virī clārī, imāginēs pulchrae deōrum. Mox pompa portam intrābit et per arēnam veniet." "Porta aperītur," clāmat Lūcius. "Pompa venit!" Post pompam spectātōrēs signum certāminis exspectant. Signum ā dominō lūdōrum datur; quadrīgae maximā cum celeritāte in arēnam volant. Per septem spatia equī circum spīnam volant. Vulnera aurīgārum sunt multa. Interdum aurīgae interficiuntur quod super capita et corpora miserōrum reliquae quadrīgae volant. "Meus aurīga est in spatiō extrēmō," clāmat Aulus. "Volat circum mētam extrēmam. Reliquōs aurīgās relinquit. Est victor!" Nōtā bene: Per septem spatia, for seven laps Nunc Cornēlius cum fīliīs Circum Maximum intrat. Magnō cum gaudiō puerī in subselliīs sedent. Circus Maximus puerōs dēlectat. Circus Maximus est aedificium longum. In mediō Circō Maximō est magna arēna. Sōl arēnam illūminat. Circum arēnam sunt subsellia. Dē subselliīs spectātōrēs lūdōs spectant. In Circō Maximō sunt multa genera hominum. Sunt ducēs, mercātōrēs, agricolae, servī. Dē subselliīs puerī magnō studiō arēnam spectant. Arēna mūrō angustō dīviditur. Nōmen mūrī angustī est "spīna." In spīnā sunt statuae clārōrum aurīgārum et equōrum. Prope terminōs spīnae sunt columnae altae. Columnae sunt mētae. In summā spīnā prope mētās iūdicēs stant. Circum spīnam equī volant. "Nōnne est tempus certāminis, pater?" rogant puerī. "Nōndum, meī fīliī," respondet Cornēlius. "Ante certāmen semper est pompa. Pompa per viās ad Circum Maximum iter facit. In pompā sunt equī, aurīgae, virī clārī, imāginēs pulchrae deōrum. Mox pompa portam intrābit et per arēnam veniet." "Porta aperītur," clāmat Lūcius. "Pompa venit!" Post pompam spectātōrēs signum certāminis exspectant. Signum ā dominō lūdōrum datur; quadrīgae maximā cum celeritāte in arēnam volant. Per septem spatia equī circum spīnam volant. Vulnera aurīgārum sunt multa. Interdum aurīgae interficiuntur quod super capita et corpora miserōrum reliquae quadrīgae volant. "Meus aurīga est in spatiō extrēmō," clāmat Aulus. "Volat circum mētam extrēmam. Reliquōs aurīgās relinquit. Est victor!" Nōtā bene: Per septem spatia, for seven laps |
Translation Video |
DĒ CERTĀMINIBUS QUADRĪGĀRUM: Responde Latine
1. Quōmodo puerī in subselliīs sedent?
2. Quāle aedificium est Circus Maximus? 3. Quid arēnam illūminat? 4. Quālēs hominēs sunt in subselliīs? 5. Quōmodo arēna dīviditur? |
6. Quī in summā spīnā stant?
7. Quid puerī rogant? 8. Estne pompa magna? 9. Cūr sunt vulnera aurīgārum multa? 10. Quid Aulus clāmat? |
DĒ CERTĀMINIBUS QUADRĪGĀRUM: Discussion
- In many nouns of the third declension the stem is the same as the base, and ends in a consonant. Such nouns are called consonant stems. It is necessary to learn carefully the nominative and genitive singular of each noun. The following nouns show most of the types:
- dux, ducis, base duc-
lēx, lēgis, base lēg-
lapis, lapidis, base lapid-
princeps, principis, base princip-
miles, militis, base milit-
virtüs, virtutis, base virtut-
celeritās, celeritātis, base celeritāt-
consul, consulis, base consul-
imperātor, imperātoris, base imperātor-
frāter, frātris, base frātr-
legio, legionis, base legion-
homo, hominis, base homin-
certamen, certāminis, base certāmin-
corpus, corporis, base corpor-
mūnus, mūneris, base muner-
caput, capitis, base capit- - There are no good rules for gender in the third declension. Learn the gender when the noun is first used. Most nouns whose nominative ends in "-tās", "-tūdō", "-ūs", or "-ēs" are feminine. Most nouns whose nominative ends in "-men" or "-us" are neuter. Caput and iter are also neuter.
Chapter 26 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give the nominative and genitive singular, the gender, and the nominative and genitive plural, of every third declension noun in the story Dē Certāmine Quadrīgārum.
II. Decline the Latin expressions for the following: beautiful head, good judge, bright sun, great merchant, dear mother, small image, famous legion, long name, ancient time, the middle of the road, the top of one's head.
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Capit___ equōrum sunt pulchr___.
2. Mult___ generā homin___ vidēbimus.
3. Itinera milit___ erunt long___.
4. Puellae coranis imagin___ magn___ ōrnant.
5. Mercātor___ iudic___ laudant.
6. Tempor___ Rōmānōrum saepe laudantur.
7. Muner___ victor___ (sg.) dantur.
II. Decline the Latin expressions for the following: beautiful head, good judge, bright sun, great merchant, dear mother, small image, famous legion, long name, ancient time, the middle of the road, the top of one's head.
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Capit___ equōrum sunt pulchr___.
2. Mult___ generā homin___ vidēbimus.
3. Itinera milit___ erunt long___.
4. Puellae coranis imagin___ magn___ ōrnant.
5. Mercātor___ iudic___ laudant.
6. Tempor___ Rōmānōrum saepe laudantur.
7. Muner___ victor___ (sg.) dantur.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. There were contests of many kinds in the Circus Maximus.
2. With merchants, leaders, and judges, the boys await the signal of the master of the games.
3. The parade enters the gate and marches in front of the spectators.
4. Above the spectators is the bright sun; it lights up the arena.
5. The open space is divided by the "spine"; on the top of the spine are many images.
6. It is time for the race (of the race), and the teams fly to the goals with great speed.
7. Sometimes the charioteers are killed; often, a driver has many wounds on his head and body.
8. The rest of the teams fly around the ends of the spine.
9. After the race the victor will stand in the middle of the arena.
10. Then there will be great joy and the name of the victor will be praised.
2. With merchants, leaders, and judges, the boys await the signal of the master of the games.
3. The parade enters the gate and marches in front of the spectators.
4. Above the spectators is the bright sun; it lights up the arena.
5. The open space is divided by the "spine"; on the top of the spine are many images.
6. It is time for the race (of the race), and the teams fly to the goals with great speed.
7. Sometimes the charioteers are killed; often, a driver has many wounds on his head and body.
8. The rest of the teams fly around the ends of the spine.
9. After the race the victor will stand in the middle of the arena.
10. Then there will be great joy and the name of the victor will be praised.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 26 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 26 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 26 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 26 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 26 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 26 Noun Ending Chart (All)