Chapter 27 Vocabulary
absum, abesse, to be distant, to be absent
appellō, appellāre, to call by name, address, name, entitle, call augeō, augēre, to increase, enlarge caedēs, caedis, caedium, f., slaughter, massacre cīvis, cīvis, cīvium, m./f., citizen classis, classis, classium, f., fleet; class flūmen, flūminis, n., river fluō, fluere, to flow gēns, gentis, gentium, f., race, tribe hostis, hostis, hostium, m., enemy; the enemy (when plural) inviolātus, -a, -um, inviolable, unhurt iūs, iūris, n., right, justice longē, far |
mare, maris, n., sea
nāvis, nāvis, nāvium, f., ship nisi, unless ōs, ōris, n., mouth potestās, potestātis, f., power, ability prīmō, at first superbus, -a, -um, haughty, proud ruīna, -ae, f., ruin Tiberis, Tiberis, m., Tiber River trāns (+acc.), across, over urbs, urbis, urbium, f., city viātor, viātōris, m., traveler, wayfarer nāvis longa, warship (idiom) terrā marīque, on land and sea, by land and sea |
Chapter 27 Derivatives
appellāre: appellate, appeal
augēre: auxiliary, augment, auction, author cīvis: civic, civil, civilian, civilize, civilization, civility flūmen: flume fluere: fluvial, fluctuate, superfluous, confluence, effluence, fluid, fluctuation, flux, affluent, fluent, influence gēns: gentile, genius, gentle, generation, gene, genetic |
hostis: hostile, hostility, host, hostage
iūs: just, unjust, justice, jury mare: mariner, maritime, marine, marina, marinade nāvis: naval, navigate, navy, navigation ōs: oral, orifice, orator, oratory ruīna: ruin, ruinous, ruination urbs: urban, suburban, urbane, suburb |
A map of Ancient Rome
DĒ URBE RŌMĀ
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Rōma est urbs clāra. Viae, templa, aedificia urbis sunt pulchra. Rōmulus, rēx prīmus, urbī nōmen dēdit. Flūmen Tiberis urbem dīvidit. Mare nōn longē ab urbe abest. In mare flūmen Tiberis fluit; urbs Rōma ab ōre flūminis Tiberis nōn longē abest. Nōmen maris est Mare Īnferum. Ā marī paucae nāvēs Rōmam veniunt quod flūmen nōn est altum. Est Mare Superum quoque; nam maria Ītaliam ferē circumstant. Sunt multae et magnae urbēs in Ītaliā. Rōma est maxima urbium. Rōma est caput Ītaliae. Multīs urbibus pulchrīs proxima est Rōma. Viātōrēs ā multīs terrīs ad urbīs clārās veniunt. In multīs urbibus Ītaliae sunt ruīnae aedificiōrum magnōrum. Ruīnae urbium antīquārum viātōribus sunt grātae; antīquās urbēs libenter spectant. Temporibus antīquīs cīvis Rōmānus erat homō superbus. Nīsī homō erat cīvis Rōmānus, "barbarus" saepe appellābātur. Vīta cīvis Rōmānī erat inviolāta. Barbarus cīvī Rōmānō nōn erat cārus; itaque vīta barbarī nōn erat inviolāta. Barbarus cīvem Rōmānum nōn amābat et ā cīve Rōmānō nōn amābātur. Cīvēs Rōmānī extrēmīs in terrīs saepe habitābant. Iūra cīvium Romanōrum etiam extrēmīs in terrīs dīligenter servābantur. Iūdicēs cīvibus Rōmānīs erant benignī. Sī homō clāmābat, "Cīvīs Rōmānus sum," vīta erat inviolāta. Itaque imperium Rōmānum et in Italiā et in terrīs extrēmīs cīvīs Rōmānōs servābat. Iūre imperium Rōmānum ā cīvibus Rōmānīs laudābātur. Nōtā bene: Dedit, gave iūre, justly Mare Inferum, the Lower Sea (the sea along the southwest coast of Italy) Mare Superum, the Upper Sea (along the northwest coast) Rōma est urbs clāra. Viae, templa, aedificia urbis sunt pulchra. Rōmulus, rēx prīmus, urbī nōmen dēdit. Flūmen Tiberis urbem dīvidit. Mare nōn longē ab urbe abest. In mare flūmen Tiberis fluit; urbs Rōma ab ōre flūminis Tiberis nōn longē abest. Nōmen maris est Mare Īnferum. Ā marī paucae nāvēs Rōmam veniunt quod flūmen nōn est altum. Est Mare Superum quoque; nam maria Ītaliam ferē circumstant. Sunt multae et magnae urbēs in Ītaliā. Rōma est maxima urbium. Rōma est caput Ītaliae. Multīs urbibus pulchrīs proxima est Rōma. Viātōrēs ā multīs terrīs ad urbīs clārās veniunt. In multīs urbibus Ītaliae sunt ruīnae aedificiōrum magnōrum. Ruīnae urbium antīquārum viātōribus sunt grātae; antīquās urbēs libenter spectant. Temporibus antīquīs cīvis Rōmānus erat homō superbus. Nīsī homō erat cīvis Rōmānus, "barbarus" saepe appellābātur. Vīta cīvis Rōmānī erat inviolāta. Barbarus cīvī Rōmānō nōn erat cārus; itaque vīta barbarī nōn erat inviolāta. Barbarus cīvem Rōmānum nōn amābat et ā cīve Rōmānō nōn amābātur. Cīvēs Rōmānī extrēmīs in terrīs saepe habitābant. Iūra cīvium Romanōrum etiam extrēmīs in terrīs dīligenter servābantur. Iūdicēs cīvibus Rōmānīs erant benignī. Sī homō clāmābat, "Cīvīs Rōmānus sum," vīta erat inviolāta. Itaque imperium Rōmānum et in Italiā et in terrīs extrēmīs cīvīs Rōmānōs servābat. Iūre imperium Rōmānum ā cīvibus Rōmānīs laudābātur. Nōtā bene: Dedit, gave iūre, justly Mare Inferum, the Lower Sea (the sea along the southwest coast of Italy) Mare Superum, the Upper Sea (along the northwest coast) |
Translation Video |
DĒ URBE RŌMĀ: Responde Latine
1. Quālīs urbs est Rōma?
2. Nõnne sunt viae templa aedificia urbis pulchra? 3. Cui Rōmulus nōmen dedit? 4. Quid flūmen dīvidit? 5. Num mare longē ab urbe abest? 6. Quō flūmen Tiberis fluit? 7. Nõnne nõmen maris est Mare Īnferum? 8. Unde nāvēs Rōmam veniunt? 9. Quid Ītaliam ferē circumstat? 10. Quid est in Ītaliā? |
11. Estne Rōma maxima urbium?
12. Quibus est Rōma proxima? 13. Quō viātōrēs veniunt? 14. Ubī sunt ruīnae aedificiōrum magnōrum? 15. Quid viātōrēs libenter spectant? 16. Quis erat homō superbus? 17. Cuius vīta erat inviolāta? 18. Amābāturne barbarus ā cīve Rōmānō? 19. Quōrum iūra servābantur? 20. Quōs imperium Rōmānum servābat? |
DĒ URBE RŌMĀ: Discussion
- In the first paragraph of the story De Urbe Romā, find the genitive singular of urbs. To what declension does urbs belong? What letters form the base? Find examples of all the other cases in the singular and list the endings. In the second paragraph find examples of all the cases in the plural and list the endings. Do you find any case endings different from the endings of the third declension which you have just learned?
- Nouns of the third declension which we have so far studied are called consonant stems because their stems end in a consonant. Urbs belongs to a group of nouns called "i-stems". Masculine and feminine "i-stems" differ from "consonant stems" in that they have the ending "-ium" in the genitive plural and "-īs" as well as "-ēs" in the accusative plural. Neuter i-stems differ from consonant stems in that they have "i" instead of "e" in the ablative singular, "-ia" in the nominative and accusative plural, and "-ium" in the genitive plural
- In the third paragraph find the genitive singular of civis. To what declension does this noun belong? Notice that the nominative singular and the genitive singular have the same number of syllables. Words which have the same number of syllables in these two cases of the singular are called parisyllables. Find examples of all the cases, singular and plural, of civis. What are the endings of the genitive plural and accusative plural? This noun also is an i-stem.
- In the first paragraph, what is the genitive singular of the noun mare? Observe that it is a parisyllable. To what declension does it belong? What is the accusative singular of the noun? What is the gender? Remember that all neuter nouns have the nominative and accusative singular alike. What is the ablative singular of mare? What is the nominative plural? This noun also belongs to the i-stem group of the third declension.
- In order to decline a noun of the third declension, it is necessary to know whether it is an i-stem or not. Remember, therefore, that the following are i-stems:
- All parisyllables. Thus civis, civis, mare, maris are i-stems but sol, sõlis, imāgo, imāginis are not. Note, however, the following exceptions: animal, animālis, animal, is an i-stem, though not a parisyllable; and frāter, māter, pater are not i-stems
- Nouns in which the penult (that is, the syllable next before the last) of the genitive form ends in a consonant. Thus urbs, ur-bis, gēns, gen-tis, nox, noc-tis, when syllabified according to the rules given, show a penult ending in a consonant, and belong among the i-stems; whereas potestās, potestā-tis, os, ō-ris, princeps, princi-pis do not.
- As an additional check, nouns of the third declension belonging to the i-stem group will have the genitive plural given in the vocabularies; as, urbs, urbis, urbium, f., city; animal, animālis, animālium, n., animal
- Learn the following paradigms of i-stems:
Nōtā bene:
- The form marium is given as the genitive plural of mare in order to make a complete paradigm; but this form is not found in actual use.
- Observe that animal has "-al" in the nominative and accusative singular and "-āl" in all other cases.
Reading Lesson: DĒ POTESTĀTE RŌMĀNĀ
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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In prīncipiō Rōma erat parva urbs. Bellō potestātem augēbat. Prīmō proelia cum gentibus proximīs gerēbantur. Virtūs gentium proximārum erat magna sed Rōmānī erant victōrēs. Tandem Rōma erat domina Ītaliae. Trāns mare habitābant Karthāginiēnsēs. Erant hostēs Rōmānōrum. Magnam classem habēbant; itaque mare regēbant. Magnum numerum nāvium longārum habēbant et bellum amābant. Erant longa bella inter Rōmānōs et Karthāginiēnsēs; magna erat caedēs. Tandem Rōmānī erant victōrēs; itaque Rōma erat domina maris. Tum in Asiā et in Galliā et in Britanniā bella gerēbantur. Tandem Asia, Gallia, Britannia in Rōmae potestāte erant. Sīc terrā marīque potestās Rōmāna erat maxima. Nōtā bene: Karthāginiēnsēs, the Carthaginians, people of Carthage In prīncipiō Rōma erat parva urbs. Bellō potestātem augēbat. Prīmō proelia cum gentibus proximīs gerēbantur. Virtūs gentium proximārum erat magna sed Rōmānī erant victōrēs. Tandem Rōma erat domina Ītaliae. Trāns mare habitābant Karthāginiēnsēs. Erant hostēs Rōmānōrum. Magnam classem habēbant; itaque mare regēbant. Magnum numerum nāvium longārum habēbant et bellum amābant. Erant longa bella inter Rōmānōs et Karthāginiēnsēs; magna erat caedēs. Tandem Rōmānī erant victōrēs; itaque Rōma erat domina maris. Tum in Asiā et in Galliā et in Britanniā bella gerēbantur. Tandem Asia, Gallia, Britannia in Rōmae potestāte erant. Sīc terrā marīque potestās Rōmāna erat maxima. Nōtā bene: Karthāginiēnsēs, the Carthaginians, people of Carthage |
Translation Video |
Grammar Notes
3rd Declension "i-stem" Nouns
Chapter 27 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Decline the Latin expressions for the following: small head, large tribe, proud enemy, beautiful animal, weary traveler, warship.
II. Give the nominative and genitive singular, the gender, and the nominative and genitive plural, of the Latin nouns the following meanings: hostage, law, mother, custom, name, foot, journey, sea, courage, sun, winter, fleet, body, head, summer, slaughter.
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Classis host___ est in mar___.
2. Rama gent___ (pl.) proxim___ vincet.
3. Iur___ civ___ dīligenter servābantur.
4. In urb___ Rom___ videntur multī civ___.
5. Puerī animal___ magn___ libenter vident.
6. Ruīn___ urb___ Rōmānārum viātōrēs libenter vident.
II. Give the nominative and genitive singular, the gender, and the nominative and genitive plural, of the Latin nouns the following meanings: hostage, law, mother, custom, name, foot, journey, sea, courage, sun, winter, fleet, body, head, summer, slaughter.
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Classis host___ est in mar___.
2. Rama gent___ (pl.) proxim___ vincet.
3. Iur___ civ___ dīligenter servābantur.
4. In urb___ Rom___ videntur multī civ___.
5. Puerī animal___ magn___ libenter vident.
6. Ruīn___ urb___ Rōmānārum viātōrēs libenter vident.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. At first the Romans waged many battles with the nearby tribes and there was great slaughter.
2. Then warships were built and the fleet fought with the enemy on the sea.
3. Thus the Roman power was increased on land and sea by many wars.
4. The Romans were proud because Rome was called the mistress of both land and sea.
5. Unless a man was a Roman citizen, (his) rights were not inviolable.
6. The city of Rome is not far from the sea.
7. The river Tiber divides the city and flows into the sea.
8. Near the mouth of the Tiber are the ruins of an ancient city.
9. Every year many travelers sail across the sea to Italy.
10. Perhaps your teacher will talk about the great city of Rome.
2. Then warships were built and the fleet fought with the enemy on the sea.
3. Thus the Roman power was increased on land and sea by many wars.
4. The Romans were proud because Rome was called the mistress of both land and sea.
5. Unless a man was a Roman citizen, (his) rights were not inviolable.
6. The city of Rome is not far from the sea.
7. The river Tiber divides the city and flows into the sea.
8. Near the mouth of the Tiber are the ruins of an ancient city.
9. Every year many travelers sail across the sea to Italy.
10. Perhaps your teacher will talk about the great city of Rome.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 27 Sentence Translation Practice (Specifically "i-stems")
Chapter 27 Sentence Translation Practice (Everything So Far)
Chapter 27 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect, Future Tense -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 27 Noun Ending Chart (3rd i-stems)
Chapter 27 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 27 Sentence Translation Practice (Specifically "i-stems")
Chapter 27 Sentence Translation Practice (Everything So Far)
Chapter 27 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect, Future Tense -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 27 Noun Ending Chart (3rd i-stems)
Chapter 27 Noun Ending Chart (All)