Chapter 28 Vocabulary
adulēscēns, adulēscentis, m., youth, young man
āmittō, āmittere, āmīsī, āmissus, to lose, send away autem, however, but, futhermore dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētus, to destroy fātum, -ī, n., fate Fāta, Fātōrum, n. pl., the Fates fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitūrus, to flee īgnis, īgnis, īgnium, m., fire invalidus, -a, -um, weak inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventus, to find, discover |
maritimus, -a, -um, pertaining to the sea, of the sea
perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventūrus, to arrive, come up pius, -a, -um, devoted to the gods rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptus, to snatch, seize, carry off by force, steal reveniō, revenīre, revēnī, reventūrus, to return, come back tabula, -ae, f., picture, painting ubi, when umerus, -ī, m., shoulder uxor, uxōris, f., wife |
Chapter 28 Derivatives
adulēscēns: adolescent
dēlēre: delete, deletion, indelible fātum: fatal, fate fugere: refuge, refugee, subterfuge, centrifugal, fugitive īgnis: ignivomous, ignite, ignition, igneous invalidus: invalid, invalidity |
invenīre: invent, inventive, invention, inventory, inventor
maritimus: maritime pius: pious, piety rapere: rapacious, rapacity, rape, surreptitious, raptor, rapid, rapture revenīre: revenue tabula: tablet, tabulate, table |
A map of Ancient Rome
PUERĪ ET PATER
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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"Cūr, Aule, librum domum portāvistī?" rogāvit Cornēlius ubi puerī ā lūdō vēnērunt. "Librum domum portāvī quod fābulam in lūdō lēgī et maximē amāvī," respondit Aulus. "Num nōs fābulam audīvimus, Aule?" rogāvērunt parvī puerī. "Fortasse, frātrēs parvī, fābulam audīvistis," respondit Aulus. "Quam fābulam lēgistī, Aule?" "Aulus fābulam dē Aenēā et Ascaniō lēgit," clāmāvit Lūcius. "Nōs quoque, puerī," inquit Cornēlius, "fābulam dē Aenēā legimus." "Pater mē, adulēscentem," inquit Mārcus, "Athēnās misit. Ibi tabulam dē Aenēā et sociīs vidi." "Vōs, puerī," inquit Cornēlius, "clāram fābulam dē principiīs Rōmae lēgistis. Semper puerī Rōmānī fābulam dē Aenēā lēgērunt." Nōtā bene: Mē, me (acc .case of ego) quam, what? which ?(f. acc.) Aenēās is declined like nouns of the first declension, except in the nominative singular. See main vocabulary "Cūr, Aule, librum domum portāvistī?" rogāvit Cornēlius ubi puerī ā lūdō vēnērunt. "Librum domum portāvī quod fābulam in lūdō lēgī et maximē amāvī," respondit Aulus. "Num nōs fābulam audīvimus, Aule?" rogāvērunt parvī puerī. "Fortasse, frātrēs parvī, fābulam audīvistis," respondit Aulus. "Quam fābulam lēgistī, Aule?" "Aulus fābulam dē Aenēā et Ascaniō lēgit," clāmāvit Lūcius. "Nōs quoque, puerī," inquit Cornēlius, "fābulam dē Aenēā legimus." "Pater mē, adulēscentem," inquit Mārcus, "Athēnās misit. Ibi tabulam dē Aenēā et sociīs vidi." "Vōs, puerī," inquit Cornēlius, "clāram fābulam dē principiīs Rōmae lēgistis. Semper puerī Rōmānī fābulam dē Aenēā lēgērunt." Nōtā bene: Mē, me (acc .case of ego) quam, what? which ?(f. acc.) Aenēās is declined like nouns of the first declension, except in the nominative singular. See main vocabulary |
Translation Video |
PUERĪ ET PATER: Responde Latine
1. Quid rogāvit Cornēlius?
2. Quid Cornēliō respondit Aulus?
3. Quid rogāvērunt parvī puerī?
4. Quid parvīs puerīs respondit Aulus?
5. Quam fābulam lēgērunt puerī?
6. Quō Mārcum pater mīsit?
7. Quid vīdit Mārcus?
8. Nõnne puerī libenter fābulam dē Aenēā lēgērunt?
2. Quid Cornēliō respondit Aulus?
3. Quid rogāvērunt parvī puerī?
4. Quid parvīs puerīs respondit Aulus?
5. Quam fābulam lēgērunt puerī?
6. Quō Mārcum pater mīsit?
7. Quid vīdit Mārcus?
8. Nõnne puerī libenter fābulam dē Aenēā lēgērunt?
PUERĪ ET PATER: Discussion
- In the story Pueri et Pater, list the forms of the verb lego as they appear. Note that the base to which the endings are added is "lēg-". To what time, past, present, or future, do these forms refer? Do they point out a continued, habitual, or repeated act? or do they refer to a single, finished act? Does the subject of each verb act or is it acted upon?
- These forms constitute a tense called the perfect or present perfect tense. A verb in the perfect refers to a single act, now completed, or perfected; whence the name of the tense. The perfect tense differs from the imperfect because it refers to a single completed act, while the imperfect tense refers to repeated, continued, or habitual action in the past; as, legēbat, he was reading, he used to read; lēgit, he read, he has read.
- Read the forms as listed. What part of the verb is the same in all the forms? What are the endings that are added to this part? Are the endings the regular personal endings?
- The endings of the perfect active indicative belong to that tense alone and differ from the endings of the other tenses. They are called the characteristic endings of the perfect tense, and are added to the perfect stem of the verb.
- Learn the following paradigm of the perfect tense of lego perfect stem "lēg-":
- The perfect stem of all verbs is found from the third principal part. Latin verbs have four principal parts, chosen so as to show the stems from which all the verb forms are made. The principal parts of lego are:
- The perfect stem is found by dropping "-ī" from the perfect indicative form, usually given as one of the principal parts; as, lēgī, perfect stem, lēg-. Upon this perfect stem are formed all the tenses of the perfect system; that is, all the tenses referring to completed action. Upon the present stem are formed all the tenses of the present system; that is, all the tenses referring to incompleted action.
- Hereafter in the vocabulary the four principal parts of the verbs will be given and should be carefully learned. The three stems of each verb may be found from the principal parts. The forms chosen as principal parts are as follows:
1. the present indicative active first person singular
2. the present active infinitive
3. the perfect indicative active first person singular
4. the perfect passive participle
2. the present active infinitive
3. the perfect indicative active first person singular
4. the perfect passive participle
- The rules for forming the stems are as follows:
1. The present stem is found by dropping the "-re" from the present infinitive
2. The perfect stem is found by dropping the "-ī" from the perfect indicative
3. The participial stem is found by dropping the "-us" from the perfect passive participle
2. The perfect stem is found by dropping the "-ī" from the perfect indicative
3. The participial stem is found by dropping the "-us" from the perfect passive participle
I. Learn the principal parts of the following verbs:
These forms are often given abbreviated as follows: portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus; videō, -ēre, vīdī, vīsus; mittō, -ere, mīsī, missus; audiō, -īre, -īvī, -ītus.
II. Write the three stems of each of the above verbs and tell how they are found.
II. Write the three stems of each of the above verbs and tell how they are found.
- When there is no perfect passive participle, the future active participle, if there is one, is given as the fourth principal part; as, sum, esse, fuī, futūrus
- Learn the following paradigms. The translations are in the form I have carried, I carried, I did carry, etc.
DĒ RŌMAE PRĪNCIPIĪS I
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Aenēās erat dux clārus et pius. Virtūs Aenēae erat magna. Ubi Graecī magnīs ignibus Troiam dēlēvērunt, cum uxōre Creūsā et fīliō Ascaniō et patre Anchīsā ex urbe fūgit. Pater erat aeger et invalidus; itaque Aenēās umerīs patrem ad ōram maritimam portāvit. Ascanium, parvum fīlium, dextrā dūxit; uxor post Aenēam properāvit. Per multa tēla et magnōs ignēs properāvērunt et tandem ad ōram pervēnērunt. Ibi multī hominēs fuērunt. Sed Creūsa āfuit. Aenēās maximē lacrimāvit et clāmāvit: "Ubi, Creūsa, es? Quō cucurristī? Cūr tū sociōs relīquistī? Num meam Creūsam āmīsī? Fātane uxōrem rapuērunt? Vīdistisne, sociī, meam uxōrem?" Creūsa, autem, nōn respondit. Aenēās patrem et fīlium relīquit et ad urbem cucurrit. Uxōrem nōn invēnit. Tandem miser ad sociōs revēnit. Tum nāvēs aedificāvit. Posteā Aenēās sociīque ad Ītaliam nāvigāvērunt. Aenēās erat dux clārus et pius. Virtūs Aenēae erat magna. Ubi Graecī magnīs ignibus Troiam dēlēvērunt, cum uxōre Creūsā et fīliō Ascaniō et patre Anchīsā ex urbe fūgit. Pater erat aeger et invalidus; itaque Aenēās umerīs patrem ad ōram maritimam portāvit. Ascanium, parvum fīlium, dextrā dūxit; uxor post Aenēam properāvit. Per multa tēla et magnōs ignēs properāvērunt et tandem ad ōram pervēnērunt. Ibi multī hominēs fuērunt. Sed Creūsa āfuit. Aenēās maximē lacrimāvit et clāmāvit: "Ubi, Creūsa, es? Quō cucurristī? Cūr tū sociōs relīquistī? Num meam Creūsam āmīsī? Fātane uxōrem rapuērunt? Vīdistisne, sociī, meam uxōrem?" Creūsa, autem, nōn respondit. Aenēās patrem et fīlium relīquit et ad urbem cucurrit. Uxōrem nōn invēnit. Tandem miser ad sociōs revēnit. Tum nāvēs aedificāvit. Posteā Aenēās sociīque ad Ītaliam nāvigāvērunt. |
Translation Video |
Grammar Notes
Perfect Tense
When we studied the Imperfect Tense in Ch. 19, we learned that it's used to describe an action in the past that happened over a period of time. So, we use it to describe continuous or repeated actions in the past. An example would be something like "Today I was walking to school when I tripped and fell." What time were you walking to school? Was it one set moment in time, or was it ongoing? It was ongoing, right? This illustrates a common use of the Imperfect Tense -- actions that were in the past, but had no set start or end time. Like we mentioned in Ch. 19, one good comparison for the Imperfect Tense is that it's like watching a video of your 3rd birthday party. It's different than just looking at a photo of it.
But what if you wanted to describe the photo of yourself blowing out the candles? You couldn't use the Imperfect Tense and say "I was blowing out the candles," so what would you use? This is where the Perfect Tense comes into play.
The Perfect Tense is used to show actions in the past that DID have a set start and end -- they are just one moment in time, NOT a continuous or ongoing action. Often, the Perfect and Imperfect go together in the same sentence. Let's go back to our original example, "Today I was walking to school when I tripped and fell." The first action "I was walking to school" would be Imperfect Tense ("ambulābam"). The second action, though, happened in a moment in time -- "I tripped and fell." Both of those actions would be in the Perfect Tense in Latin. We often translate the Perfect Tense with the simple past form of English, "-ed." It really depends on what verb you are using, though!
The Perfect Tense is used to show actions in the past that DID have a set start and end -- they are just one moment in time, NOT a continuous or ongoing action. Often, the Perfect and Imperfect go together in the same sentence. Let's go back to our original example, "Today I was walking to school when I tripped and fell." The first action "I was walking to school" would be Imperfect Tense ("ambulābam"). The second action, though, happened in a moment in time -- "I tripped and fell." Both of those actions would be in the Perfect Tense in Latin. We often translate the Perfect Tense with the simple past form of English, "-ed." It really depends on what verb you are using, though!
Principal Parts of Latin Verbs
To form the Perfect Tense, we need to expand our understanding of Latin Verbs. Remember, we've said for a while now that verbs have several parts if you were to look them up in the dictionary. The first part is the 1st Person Singular in the Present Tense, while the second part is the Infinitive. The last piece is always the English translation. For example:
These "parts" to verbs are called "Principal Parts" and they are a useful tool for remembering all the different forms of verbs. The 1st Principal Part is helpful because sometimes the 1st Person Singular, Present Tense isn't quite spelled the way you would expect. It also helps us spot 3rd-io verbs. The 2nd Principal Part is critical because it gives us the Infinitive -- this is what we use to determine the conjugation of a verb. And, of course, the English translation is what we really need!
There is another part that we will now start using, though, and it's called the "3rd Principal Part" of a verb. It is the 1st Person Singular in the Perfect Tense. This is what we will use to form the Perfect Tense of all verbs. From now on, we will include this part in our vocab lists. It looks like this:
If we look closely at all the 3rd Principal Parts of verbs in Latin, we start to recognize a pattern. More often than not, there will be a consonant in front of the "-ī" ending. We call this an "infix" (just like the infix "-ba-" for Imperfect Tense). This Perfect Tense infix is often a "-v-", "-s-", "-u-", or "-x-", but it really can be anything! This is why we give the 3rd Principal Part of verbs -- it eliminates the mystery!
Forming the Perfect Tense/
To learn how to form the Perfect Tense, take a look at the video below!
As the video explained, forming the Perfect Tense is actually pretty easy! We simply go to the 3rd Principal Part and drop the "-ī" ending. This gives us our "Perfect Stem." Then, we add on our Perfect Tense endings:
Perfect Tense Conjugation Examples
Present Tense or Perfect Tense? How Can You Tell?
Now that you've seen the Perfect Tense in action, you might have noticed that some of the forms are tricky, since they look just like the Present Tense. For example, the ending "-imus" in the Perfect Tense looks alot like "-mus" in the Present Tense. In fact, for 3rd conjugation ("-ere" for the Infinitive) and 4th conjugation ("-īre" for the Infinitive), we've seen verbs end in "-imus" in the Present Tense. Also, the ending "-it" in the Perfect Tense is very close to the ending "-t" in the Present Tense. Again, when the verb in question is 3rd or 4th conjugation, we've seen the Present Tense have "-it" as the ending.
So what's going on here? How can we tell what tense the verb is if they look so similar?
So what's going on here? How can we tell what tense the verb is if they look so similar?
1st/2nd Conjugation Verbs
The key to recognizing tense is to know the Conjugation your verb belongs to. For 1st and 2nd Conjugation verbs, you won't have an issue, because in the Present Tense you will see the endings "-at" and "-amus," instead of "-it" and "-imus" for the Perfect Tense. Take a look below (I've highlighted the 3rd Person Singular and 1st Person Plural endings):
Do you notice how even though they look similar, you CAN tell the difference between Present and Perfect Tense? It's all about the vowel in front of the ending.
- If you know your verb is 1st Conjugation and there is an "a" in front of the "-t" or "-mus", it's Present Tense.
- If there is an "i" in front of the "-t" or "-mus," it's Perfect Tense!
3rd, 3rd-io, or 4th Conjugation Verbs
For 3rd, 3rd-io, and 4th conjugation verbs, we have some thinking to do. This is because those conjugations use the letter "i" in front of the verb ending. Remember, for 3rd/3rd-io verbs, you would go to the Infinitive, drop the "-re" and flip the "e" to an "i" before adding your ending. For 4th Conjugation verbs, when you drop the "-re" off the Infinitive, the "i" is already there. This makes it tricky to spot the Perfect Tense. Take a look below:
Look closely at the highlighted endings. Even though they all use "-it" you can still tell them apart by what comes in front of the "-it". In other words, "mitt-" is different than "mīs-" for the verb "mittere." Similarly, "aud-" is different from "audīv-" for the verb "audīre." The key is to pay close attention to how the verbs are spelled! This, combined with lots of practice, is the key to recognizing the different between Present and Perfect Tense!
Chapter 28 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Translate the following:
incendimus, rapuit, nāvigāvit, fūgistī, revēnī, fuimus, fuistis, respondistī, pervēnērunt, dūxērunt, cucurrērunt, dēlēvī.
II. Give in Latin: you (pl.) have lost, they fled, he seized, I returned, we shouted, they have burned, I was, you (sg.) have run, we remained, he has led
III. Give the principal parts and the three stems of the following: dō, moneō, dēleō, maneō, habeō, capiō, gerō, agō, faciō, impediō, aperiō, interficiō.
incendimus, rapuit, nāvigāvit, fūgistī, revēnī, fuimus, fuistis, respondistī, pervēnērunt, dūxērunt, cucurrērunt, dēlēvī.
II. Give in Latin: you (pl.) have lost, they fled, he seized, I returned, we shouted, they have burned, I was, you (sg.) have run, we remained, he has led
III. Give the principal parts and the three stems of the following: dō, moneō, dēleō, maneō, habeō, capiō, gerō, agō, faciō, impediō, aperiō, interficiō.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. When great fires destroyed Troy, the Trojans fled to the seashore.
2. Aeneas, devoted to the gods, carried his weak father on his shoulders.
3. His wife, Creusa, will not arrive at the seashore.
4. Will the Fates seize the wretched Creusa?
5. Aeneas returned to the city; however, he did not find his wife.
6. And so he lost his wife and home.
7. Cornelius has often told his sons the story of the beginnings of the Roman race.
8. The youth, Marcus, saw pictures of the Trojans in Athens.
2. Aeneas, devoted to the gods, carried his weak father on his shoulders.
3. His wife, Creusa, will not arrive at the seashore.
4. Will the Fates seize the wretched Creusa?
5. Aeneas returned to the city; however, he did not find his wife.
6. And so he lost his wife and home.
7. Cornelius has often told his sons the story of the beginnings of the Roman race.
8. The youth, Marcus, saw pictures of the Trojans in Athens.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 28 Sentence Translation (Specifically Perfect Tense)
Chapter 28 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 28 Verb Conjugation Practice (Perfect Tense -- Active Voice)
Chapter 28 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 28 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 28 Sentence Translation (Specifically Perfect Tense)
Chapter 28 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 28 Verb Conjugation Practice (Perfect Tense -- Active Voice)
Chapter 28 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 28 Noun Ending Chart (All)