Chapter 29 Vocabulary
adiuvō, adiuvāre, adiūvī, adiūtus, to help, aid, assist
admoneō, admonēre, admonuī, admonitus, to advise, admonish annus, -ī, m., year arceō, arcēre, arcuī, --------, to hold off at a distance, keep away, hold off benignē, kindly cognōscō, cognōscere, cognōvī, cognitus, to learn about, understand comparō, comparāre, comparāvī, comparātus, to make ready, prepare, set in order; procure cōnstituō, consituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtus, to establish, station; decide |
Dīdō, Dīdōnis, f., Dido (queen of Carthage)
dīversus, -a, -um, diverse, different, various errō, errāre, errāvī, errātus, to wander, roam Karthāgō, Karthāginis, f., Carthage (a city in North Africa) mandātum, -ī, n., order, command mēnsis, mēnsis, mēnsium, m., month putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus, to consider, think rēgīna, -ae, f., queen tempestās, tempestātis, f., storm; weather ultrō, voluntarily varius, -a, -um, various |
Chapter 29 Derivatives
adiuvāre: aid
admonēre: admonitory, admonition, admonish annus: annuity, annual, annals, perennial, anniversary, millennium cognōscere: precognition, cognoscence, cognition, recognize, cognitive comparāre: compare, comparison, comparable |
dīversus: diverse, diversify, diversity
errāre: erroneous, err, erratic, aberration, error mandātum: mandate mēnsis: trimester, semester, menstruate putāre: compute, repute, computation, reputation, dispute tempestās: tempestuous, tempest varius: various, variety, vary |
DĒ RŌMAE PRĪNCIPIĪS II
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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“Aenēās et sociī septem annōs per varia maria et dīversās terrās errāverant (had wandered). Tandem Iūnō, rēgīna deōrum, magnā tempestāte Troiānōs ad ōrās Āfricae pepulit. Iūnō Troiānōs timēbat et ab Italiā arcēbat. Iūnō sīc putābat: “Nisi Troiānī in Italiam pervēnerint, numquam erit gēns Rōmāna.” Quod Dīdō, rēgīna Karthāginis, Troiānōs benignē accēperat et maximē adiūverat, Aenēās rēgīnam amāvit. Multōs mēnsēs Karthāgine mānsit. Tandem Mercurius, deōrum nūntius, ad Aenēam mandāta ā patre deōrum portāvit. Sīc Aenēam dē fātīs admonuit. Tum Aenēās magnō cum studiō classem comparāvit. Quod Dīdō cōnsilia Troiānōrum cognōverat, fuit īrāta et Aenēae clāmāvit: “Sī tū mē relīqueris (will have deserted), semper miser eris. Sī tū ad Italiam fūgeris, ego mē (myself) interficiam.” Aenēās respondit: “Ad Italiam nōn ultrō properō. Fāta mē admonuērunt.” Posteā Aenēās et Ascanius ad Italiam nāvigāvērunt et ibi gentem Rōmānam cōnstituērunt. “Aenēās et sociī septem annōs per varia maria et dīversās terrās errāverant (had wandered). Tandem Iūnō, rēgīna deōrum, magnā tempestāte Troiānōs ad ōrās Āfricae pepulit. Iūnō Troiānōs timēbat et ab Italiā arcēbat. Iūnō sīc putābat: “Nisi Troiānī in Italiam pervēnerint, numquam erit gēns Rōmāna.” Quod Dīdō, rēgīna Karthāginis, Troiānōs benignē accēperat et maximē adiūverat, Aenēās rēgīnam amāvit. Multōs mēnsēs Karthāgine mānsit. Tandem Mercurius, deōrum nūntius, ad Aenēam mandāta ā patre deōrum portāvit. Sīc Aenēam dē fātīs admonuit. Tum Aenēās magnō cum studiō classem comparāvit. Quod Dīdō cōnsilia Troiānōrum cognōverat, fuit īrāta et Aenēae clāmāvit: “Sī tū mē relīqueris (will have deserted), semper miser eris. Sī tū ad Italiam fūgeris, ego mē (myself) interficiam.” Aenēās respondit: “Ad Italiam nōn ultrō properō. Fāta mē admonuērunt.” Posteā Aenēās et Ascanius ad Italiam nāvigāvērunt et ibi gentem Rōmānam cōnstituērunt. |
Translation Video |
DĒ RŌMAE PRĪNCIPIĪS II: Responde Latine
1. Quam diū Aenēās et sociī errāverant?
2. Quō Iūnō Troiānōs pepulit?
3. Quid Iūnō putābat?
4. Cūr Aenēās rēgīnam amāvit?
5. Quam diū Karthāgine mānsit?
6. Quid ēgit Mercurius?
7. Cūr Dīdō īrāta fuit?
8. Quid clāmāvit Dīdō?
Nōtā bene:
Quam diū, how long?
2. Quō Iūnō Troiānōs pepulit?
3. Quid Iūnō putābat?
4. Cūr Aenēās rēgīnam amāvit?
5. Quam diū Karthāgine mānsit?
6. Quid ēgit Mercurius?
7. Cūr Dīdō īrāta fuit?
8. Quid clāmāvit Dīdō?
Nōtā bene:
Quam diū, how long?
DĒ RŌMAE PRĪNCIPIĪS II: Discussion
- In the sentence Aenēās et socii septem annos per varia maria et diversās terrās errāverant, what do the words septem annos tell? What question do they answer? In what case is the noun annos? In the sentence Aenēās Karthāgine multos mēnsēs mānsit, what do the words multos mēnsēs tell? What question do they answer? Both the phrases septem annos and multos mēnsēs answer the question how long? and are in the accusative case. The accusative used in this way is called the accusative of duration of time.
- Observe that this same construction is used in English. In the sentence They had been wandering seven years, "years" is just as truly an accusative of duration of time as the Latin annos is. Many persons explain "years" wrongly, as the object of the omitted preposition for: "They had wandered (for) many years"
- In the sentence Quod Dido Troiānos benignē accēperat Aenēās rēginam amăvit, to what time do both verbs refer? Do the verbs refer to acts that take place at the same time or does the act of one verb take place before the other? Which one takes place first? Since the verb accēperat denotes an act in the past which takes place before the time of the perfect tense amăvit, it is said to be in the past perfect or pluperfect tense, and the clause is translated Since Dido had received the Trojans kindly. Upon what stem is accēperat made? What is added to the stem to make this form?
- In the sentence Si tū mē reliqueris, semper miser eris to what time do the verbs refer? Do the verbs refer to acts that take place at the same time or does the act of one take place before the other? Which one takes place first? Since the verb reliqueris refers to an act that takes place in the future and is completed before the time of the future tense eris, it is called the future perfect tense, and the clause is translated, literally, If you shall have deserted me, or, in more idiomatic English, If you desert me. Upon what stem is reliqueris made? What is added to the stem to make this form? List other verbs in the story in the pluperfect and future perfect tenses.
- The pluperfect and future perfect tenses are made upon the perfect stem. The tense sign of the pluperfect tense is "-erā-" and the tense sign of the future perfect tense is "-eri-". The pluperfect tense of any verb is composed of the perfect stem plus the sign "-erā-" plus the personal endings; as, "portāv-erā-s" you had carried. In the tense sign "-erā-" the "a" remains long only in the second person singular and in the first and second persons plural. The future perfect tense is composed of the perfect stem plus the tense sign "-eri-" plus the personal endings; as "portāv-eri-t", he will have carried. Note, however, that just as in the future tense of the first and second conjugations, the vowel of the tense sign combines with the ending of the first person singular to form "-ō". In the third person plural, however, the vowel before the ending "-nt" is "i"
- The sentence Si tū mē reliqueris..., If you shall have deserted me..., shows that Latin is more precise than English in distinguishing between simple future action and action already completed at a specified time in the future. Therefore the future perfect is a common Latin tense, but is not very common in English. In English the present or the future is likely to be used: If you desert me.
- Learn the following paradigms of the pluperfect and future perfect tenses of portō, videō, mittō, audiō, and sum. The translations are in the form I had carried, etc., I had been, for the pluperfect; and I shall have carried, etc., I shall have been, for the future perfect.
- A synopsis of a verb is a list of the forms in a given person and number through all the tenses, in order. Thus for portō in the first person singular indicative active the synopsis is portō, portābam, portābō, portāvī, portāveram, portāverō; for dō in the third person, dat, dabat, dabit, dedit, dederat, dederit.
Grammar Notes
Quick Review: What exactly is a Tense?
Just like we've done for a few chapters, let's take a step back and make sure we're clear on what a "Tense" is in English and Latin. The word "tense" is derived from the Latin word "tempus," meaning "time." Therefore, the "tense" of a verb is just the time at which the action happened. Just like in English, we have different tenses to show different times that actions occur. Imagine trying to tell someone about an action in the past if we didn't have different tenses-- it would be impossible!
So far, we have worked with 4 Latin tenses: the Present, the Imperfect, Perfect and the Future Tense. This chapter, we're going to finish by learning the last 2 tenses in Latin. Here's a breakdown of the 4 we know so far:
So far, we have worked with 4 Latin tenses: the Present, the Imperfect, Perfect and the Future Tense. This chapter, we're going to finish by learning the last 2 tenses in Latin. Here's a breakdown of the 4 we know so far:
Present Tense
The Present Tense is used to describe actions that are happening right now -- in other words, in the present moment. In Latin, this tense uses the verb endings "-ō, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt." To form the Present Tense, we go to the Infinitive, drop the "-re," possibly change a vowel around, then add our endings.
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Imperfect Tense
The Imperfect Tense is used to describe actions that happened in the past over a period of time. These past actions did not happen all at once, but took time to happen. One way to think about the Imperfect Tense is that it's like watching a movie of your 5th birthday -- you are watching past actions over time. In Latin, this tense uses the infix "-ba-" and is following by the verb endings "-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt." To form the Imperfect Tense, we go to the Infinitive, drop the "-re," possibly change a vowel around, add our "-ba-" infix, then add our endings.
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Future Tense
The Future Tense is used to describe actions that have not yet happened but will in the future. In English, we always translate Future Tense verbs with the word "will." The future tense is tricky, though, since we use two different processes depending on what conjugation or group our verb belongs to. For 1st/2nd Conjugation Verbs, we drop the "-re" off the Infinitive, add the infix "bo, bi, bi, bi, bi, bu," then add our personal verb endings (s, t, mus, tis, nt). For 3rd/4th Conjugation Verbs, we drop the "-re" off the Infinitive, add the infix "a, e, e, e, e, e," then add our personal verb endings (m, s, t, mus, tis, nt).
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Perfect TenseThe Perfect Tense is used to describe actions in the past that were completed in an instant of time. It's like looking at a photo of your 5th birthday -- you are looking at the past, but only one moment of it. In Latin "perfectus" means "completed," which is why we describe the Perfect Tense as completed past actions. The 3rd Principal Part of a Latin verb is the 1st Person Singular, Perfect Tense form. The Perfect tense often uses an infix such as "-u" or "-v." It then uses the verb endings "-ī, -itsī, -it, -īmus, -istis, -ērunt." To form the Perfect Tense, we go to the 3rd Principal Part of the verb, drop the "-ī," then add our endings.
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The Pluperfect Tense
The "Pluperfect" tense is used to describe actions in the past that were completed BEFORE another action in the past. The name "Pluperfect" comes from the Latin "plus quam perfectus" ("more than perfect"). Sometimes this tense is even referred to as the "past of the past." Based on that definition, you can tell that in sentences using the Pluperfect Tense you will have two verbs -- one will be Pluperfect and the other will be either Perfect or Imperfect. In English, we translate the Pluperfect Tense as "had ________" (ex. "had walked" or "had run"). Let's take a look at an example in English:
By the time I finished 10th grade, I had finished 9th grade.
Looking at that example, we can see that there are two actions happening and both are in the past. One is that I finished 10th grade. The other is that I finished 9th grade. But which action came first? Based on the wording, we can tell that first I finished 9th grade and then I finished 10th grade. The Pluperfect Tense verb is "had finished" since that is the first thing that I did in the past. It might sound confusing, but it's not that bad! Just remember, we are trying to organize our past actions and figure out which came first. Imagine how confusing life would be if we weren't able to do that?
Forming the Pluperfect Tense in Latin
As the name implies, the Pluperfect Tense is related to the Perfect Tense. For that reason, we start with our PERFECT STEM, which is the 3rd Principal Part of the verb without the "-ī" ending. From there, the process is pretty simple, but thinking it through can be confusing since we use a few different tenses. You need to take that Perfect Stem and add on the Imperfect Form of the verb "esse" ("to be"). Again, to form the Pluperfect Tense, we start with the Perfect Stem and add on the Imperfect Endings of the verb to be -- pretty clear, right? no need for confusion? This is why you want to really just practice, since it's easier than it sounds!
One important note is that the process is the same no matter what your conjugation is! In this sense, the Pluperfect Tense is similar to the Perfect Tense -- there are no tricks for different conjugations! Here are the steps listed out:
1) Find the Perfect Stem of your verb by taking the 3rd Principal Part of your verb and dropping the "-ī" ending
2) Add on the Imperfect Tense forms of the verb "esse" which are...
eram eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Here are a few examples:
One important note is that the process is the same no matter what your conjugation is! In this sense, the Pluperfect Tense is similar to the Perfect Tense -- there are no tricks for different conjugations! Here are the steps listed out:
1) Find the Perfect Stem of your verb by taking the 3rd Principal Part of your verb and dropping the "-ī" ending
2) Add on the Imperfect Tense forms of the verb "esse" which are...
eram eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Here are a few examples:
The Future Perfect Tense
The "Future Perfect" tense is used to describe actions in the future that were completed BEFORE another action in the future. Sometimes this tense is even referred to as the "past of the future." Based on that definition, you can tell that in sentences using the Future Perfect Tense (like with Pluperfect Tense) you will have two verbs -- one will be Future Perfect and the other will be in the Future Tense. The Future Perfect Tense verb will happen BEFORE the Future Tense verb (and both will be in the future!). In English, we translate the Pluperfect Tense as "will have ________" (ex. "will have walked" or "will have run"). Let's take a look at an example in English:
By the time I will graduate high school, I will have passed Latin class.
Looking at that example, we can see that there are two actions happening and both are in the future. One is that I will graduate high school. The other is that I will pass Latin class. But which action came first? Based on the wording, we can tell that first I will pass Latin class and then I will graduate high school. The Future Tense Tense verb is "will have passed" since that is the first thing that I will do first in the future. Again, it might sound confusing, but it really isn't too bad! Just like with Pluperfect Tense, we are trying to organize our future actions and figure out which came first.
Forming the Future Perfect Tense in Latin
As the name implies, the Future Perfect Tense is related to the Perfect Tense. For that reason, we start with our PERFECT STEM, which is the 3rd Principal Part of the verb without the "-ī" ending. From there, the process is pretty simple, but thinking it through can be confusing since it sounds very similar to the Pluperfect Tense in that it involves a few tenses. You need to take that Perfect Stem and add on the Future Form of the verb "esse" ("to be").
Once again, the process is the same no matter what your conjugation is! Here are the steps listed out:
1) Find the Perfect Stem of your verb by taking the 3rd Principal Part of your verb and dropping the "-ī" ending
2) Add on the Future Tense forms of the verb "esse" which are...
erō erimus
eris eritis
erit erint
*One important note -- you might recall that the 3rd Person Plural form of "esse" in the Future Tense is "erunt." So why did we use "erint" here? It's because "-erunt" is also the 3rd Person Plural ending for the Perfect Tense. If we use "-erunt" here, we would not be able to distinguish between Perfect and Future Perfect tense. So, we use the alternative of "erint," which actually is easier to understand because it is keeping the same "i" vowel as the rest of our Future Perfect Endings. Here are some examples:
Once again, the process is the same no matter what your conjugation is! Here are the steps listed out:
1) Find the Perfect Stem of your verb by taking the 3rd Principal Part of your verb and dropping the "-ī" ending
2) Add on the Future Tense forms of the verb "esse" which are...
erō erimus
eris eritis
erit erint
*One important note -- you might recall that the 3rd Person Plural form of "esse" in the Future Tense is "erunt." So why did we use "erint" here? It's because "-erunt" is also the 3rd Person Plural ending for the Perfect Tense. If we use "-erunt" here, we would not be able to distinguish between Perfect and Future Perfect tense. So, we use the alternative of "erint," which actually is easier to understand because it is keeping the same "i" vowel as the rest of our Future Perfect Endings. Here are some examples:
Timeline of Latin Tenses: How Do They All Relate to Each Other?
Take a look at the chart below to get a better sense of all 6 tenses in Latin and how they relate to each other! Use the Present Tense as your starting point.
Accusative of Duration of Time
Back in Chapter 24, we saw that the Ablative Case can be used to express time. In this chapter, we are seeing how we can use the Accusative Case to tell time. Sometimes the Accusative Cases without prepositions are used to express time. This use is known as the Accusative of Duration of Time:
- multos annōs, throughout many years, for many years
- tōtum diem, throughout the whole day, for the whole day
Chapter 29 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Translate the following: sumus, erāmus, fuimus, errātīs, errābātis, errāvistis, cognōscō, cognōvī, cognōscēbam, cōnstituunt,
cōnstituent, cōnstituērunt, fuerāmus, errāverītis, cognōveram, cōnstituerint.
II. Give in Latin: we kept away, they had understood, you (sg.) have wandered, you (pl.) will have wandered, he established, they are, they were, they had been, they have been.
III. Give a synopsis of each of the following verbs in the indicative active, in the person and number designated:
regő, second person singular
fugiō, third person plural
inveniō, first person plural
moneō, first person singular
errō, third person singular
sum, second person plural
cōnstituent, cōnstituērunt, fuerāmus, errāverītis, cognōveram, cōnstituerint.
II. Give in Latin: we kept away, they had understood, you (sg.) have wandered, you (pl.) will have wandered, he established, they are, they were, they had been, they have been.
III. Give a synopsis of each of the following verbs in the indicative active, in the person and number designated:
regő, second person singular
fugiō, third person plural
inveniō, first person plural
moneō, first person singular
errō, third person singular
sum, second person plural
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. The Trojans had wandered for many years, but had not yet established the Roman race.
2. For the angry queen of the gods had driven Aeneas and his companions into diverse seas.
3. She was keeping the Trojans from Italy with a great storm.
4. If Dido, queen of Carthage, receives (will have received) the Trojans kindly, they will voluntarily remain in Africa for many months.
5. Mercury had come to Aeneas and had brought various commands from the king of the gods.
6. The fleet will be prepared because Mercury has warned Aeneas.
7. Will Dido learn (about) the plans of Aeneas?
8. Dido thought thus: "Aeneas will not leave my city because I have helped the Trojans."
2. For the angry queen of the gods had driven Aeneas and his companions into diverse seas.
3. She was keeping the Trojans from Italy with a great storm.
4. If Dido, queen of Carthage, receives (will have received) the Trojans kindly, they will voluntarily remain in Africa for many months.
5. Mercury had come to Aeneas and had brought various commands from the king of the gods.
6. The fleet will be prepared because Mercury has warned Aeneas.
7. Will Dido learn (about) the plans of Aeneas?
8. Dido thought thus: "Aeneas will not leave my city because I have helped the Trojans."
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 29 Sentence Translation (Specifically Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tense)
Chapter 29 Sentence Translation (All Tenses, Active Voice)
Chapter 29 Verb Conjugation Practice (Pluperfect/Future Perfect Tense -- Active Voice)
Chapter 29 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 29 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 29 Sentence Translation (Specifically Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tense)
Chapter 29 Sentence Translation (All Tenses, Active Voice)
Chapter 29 Verb Conjugation Practice (Pluperfect/Future Perfect Tense -- Active Voice)
Chapter 29 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 29 Noun Ending Chart (All)