Chapter 30 Vocabulary
accūsō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to accuse, reproach
aliēnus, -a, -um, foreign, strange aliēnus, -ī, m., a stranger cadō, -ere, cecidī, cāsūrus, to fall, fall down condō, -ere, condidī, conditus, to found, establish coniūnx, coniugis, m./f., husband; wife graviter, violently, hard inīmicus, -a, -um, unfriendly, hostile Laurentum, -ī, n., Laurentum (a town in Latium, where Latinus lived) |
Lāvīnium, Lāvīnī, n., Lavinium (a city of Latium, founded by Aeneas)
mātrimōnium, mātromōnī, n., marriage in mātrimōnium dūcere, to marry (idiom) occīdō, -ere, occīdī, occīsus, to kill, slay, cut down pars, partis, partium, f., part; direction postquam, after rēgnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to reign, rule trecentī, -ae, -a, three hundred utrimque, on both sides, from each side |
Chapter 30 Derivatives
accūsāre: accuse, accuser, accusatory, accusation
aliēnus: alien, alienate, alienation cadere: cascade, decay, decadence, coincidence, cadence, accident inīmicus: enemy |
mātrimōnium: matrimony
pars: parse, partitive, part, bipartite, partition, apart, apartment, particular, particle, partial, participate, partisan, partner, parcel, department, party rēgnāre: reign |
A fresco from Pompeii depicting Aeneas having an arrow removed from his leg while his son Ascanius looks on crying.
DĒ AENĒĀ PIŌ
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Quod Troia ā Graecīs incēnsa erat, Troiānī in partēs dīversās pulsī sunt. Multī interfectī sunt, sed Aenēās et sociī ad Italiam fūgērunt. In Āfricā ā rēgīnā Karthāginis adiūtī sunt. Aenēās rēgīnae dīxerat: “Sī nōs Troiānī in urbem tuam bene acceptī erimus, et sī auxilium ad sociōs meōs missum erit, nōmen tuum semper laudābitur.” Itaque Troiānī ā rēgīnā adiutī erant et nōmen rēginae diū laudābātur. Tandem nāvēs Troiānae comparātae sunt quod Aenēās ā Mercuriō admonitus erat. Sed cōnsilia Aenēae ā rēgīnā audīta erant et Dīdō īrāta erat. Aenēās graviter accūsātus est; rēgīnam tamen relīquit. Iterum Troiānī ā Fātīs in mare pulsī sunt. Misera Dīdō sē interfēcit quod relicta erat. Sed Aenēās et sociī laetī ad Italiam nāvigāvērunt. Quod Troia ā Graecīs incēnsa erat, Troiānī in partēs dīversās pulsī sunt. Multī interfectī sunt, sed Aenēās et sociī ad Italiam fūgērunt. In Āfricā ā rēgīnā Karthāginis adiūtī sunt. Aenēās rēgīnae dīxerat: “Sī nōs Troiānī in urbem tuam bene acceptī erimus, et sī auxilium ad sociōs meōs missum erit, nōmen tuum semper laudābitur.” Itaque Troiānī ā rēgīnā adiutī erant et nōmen rēginae diū laudābātur. Tandem nāvēs Troiānae comparātae sunt quod Aenēās ā Mercuriō admonitus erat. Sed cōnsilia Aenēae ā rēgīnā audīta erant et Dīdō īrāta erat. Aenēās graviter accūsātus est; rēgīnam tamen relīquit. Iterum Troiānī ā Fātīs in mare pulsī sunt. Misera Dīdō sē interfēcit quod relicta erat. Sed Aenēās et sociī laetī ad Italiam nāvigāvērunt. |
Translation Video |
DĒ AENĒĀ PIŌ: Responde Latine
1. Cūr Troiānī in partēs dīversās pulsī sunt?
2. Num Aenēās et sociī interfectī sunt?
3. Quō Aenēās et sociī fūgērunt?
4. Ā quō Aenēās adiūtus est?
5. Quid Aenēās rēgīnae dīxerat?
6. Nōnne auxilium ad sociōs missum erat?
7. Cūr nāvēs Troiānae comparātae sunt?
8. Cūr Dīdō īrāta erat?
9. Cūr Dīdō sē interfēcit?
10. Quid Aenēās et sociī ēgerunt?
2. Num Aenēās et sociī interfectī sunt?
3. Quō Aenēās et sociī fūgērunt?
4. Ā quō Aenēās adiūtus est?
5. Quid Aenēās rēgīnae dīxerat?
6. Nōnne auxilium ad sociōs missum erat?
7. Cūr nāvēs Troiānae comparātae sunt?
8. Cūr Dīdō īrāta erat?
9. Cūr Dīdō sē interfēcit?
10. Quid Aenēās et sociī ēgerunt?
DĒ AENĒĀ PIŌ: Discussion
- In the sentence Quod Troia ā Graecis incēnsa erat Troiāni in partēs diversās pulsi sunt, do the subjects of the verbs themselves perform the action of the verbs, or do they receive the action? In what voice are the verbs? To what time (past, present, or future) do they refer? Does the action of one take place before that of the other? Which one takes place first? Then in what tense is incēnsa erat? What is the form incēnsa? With what is it combined to make the pluperfect passive? In what tense is pulsi sunt? What is the form pulsi? With what is it combined to make the perfect passive?
- In the sentence Si nõs Troiāni in urbem tuam bene accepti erimus, et si auxilium ad socios meos missum erit, nomen tuum semper laudābitur, are the verbs active or passive? Why? To what time do they refer? Do they all take place at the same time? Explain the difference in time. In what tense are the verbs accepti erimus and missum erit? What forms are incēnsi and missum? With what are these forms combined to make the future perfect passive?
- The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses of the passive voice of verbs of all conjugations are made by combining the perfect passive participle with the present, imperfect, and future tenses of sum, respectively. In all these forms, the participle must agree in gender, number, and case, with the subject of the verb; as, Troia incēnsa erat; Troiāni pulsi sunt; auxilium missum erit; Aenēās accūsātus est.
- Learn the paradigms of the passive in the perfect tenses. The translations are in the following form:
Perfect: portātus sum, I was carried, I have been carried
Pluperfect: portātus eram, I had been carried
Future Perfect: portātus erō, I shall have been carried
Pluperfect: portātus eram, I had been carried
Future Perfect: portātus erō, I shall have been carried
- The verb portō is in the first conjugation, but verbs in the other conjugations are inflected in exactly the same way, by adding the proper forms of sum to the past participle of the verb to be inflected.
- Second Conjugation: visus sum, visus eram, visus erō, etc.
- Third Conjugation: missus sum, missus eram, missus erō, etc.
- Fourth Conjugation: audītus sum, audītus eram, audītus erō, etc.
Reading Lesson: AENĒĀS IN ITALIAM VENIT
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Postquam Aenēās et sociī Karthāginem relīquērunt, ad Italiam pervēnērunt. Multī Italiae incolae Troiānīs erant inimicī, quod aliēnī erant. Sed Latīnus, rēx Laurentī, Troiānōs benignē accēperat. Lāvīnia, Latīnī fīlia, ā Turnō amāta est. Turnus erat rēx Rutulōrum. Turnus Aenēam timēbat quod Aenēās ā Latīnō benignē acceptus erat. Turnus sīc putābat: “Sī pulchra Lāvinia ab Aenēā vīsa erit, et amāta erit, coniūnx Turnō nōn dabitur.” Itaque bellum miserum inter Aenēam et Turnum gestum est. Multī hominēs utrimque interfectī sunt. Tandem Turnus in proeliō cecidit. Lāvīnia ab Aenēā in mātrimōnium ducta est, et oppidum Lāvinium conditum est. Ibi Aenēās paucōs annōs regnābat. Posteā Aenēās ā Rutulīs occīsus est. Tum Ascanius, Aenēae fīlius, rēgnābat. Ascanius Albam Longam, urbem clāram, condidit. Albae Longae gens Troiāna trecentōs annōs rēgnābat. Tandem Rōmulus, fīlius Rhēae Silviae et Martis, Rōmam condidit. Sīc gēns Rōmāna cōnstitūta est. Postquam Aenēās et sociī Karthāginem relīquērunt, ad Italiam pervēnērunt. Multī Italiae incolae Troiānīs erant inimicī, quod aliēnī erant. Sed Latīnus, rēx Laurentī, Troiānōs benignē accēperat. Lāvīnia, Latīnī fīlia, ā Turnō amāta est. Turnus erat rēx Rutulōrum. Turnus Aenēam timēbat quod Aenēās ā Latīnō benignē acceptus erat. Turnus sīc putābat: “Sī pulchra Lāvinia ab Aenēā vīsa erit, et amāta erit, coniūnx Turnō nōn dabitur.” Itaque bellum miserum inter Aenēam et Turnum gestum est. Multī hominēs utrimque interfectī sunt. Tandem Turnus in proeliō cecidit. Lāvīnia ab Aenēā in mātrimōnium ducta est, et oppidum Lāvinium conditum est. Ibi Aenēās paucōs annōs regnābat. Posteā Aenēās ā Rutulīs occīsus est. Tum Ascanius, Aenēae fīlius, rēgnābat. Ascanius Albam Longam, urbem clāram, condidit. Albae Longae gens Troiāna trecentōs annōs rēgnābat. Tandem Rōmulus, fīlius Rhēae Silviae et Martis, Rōmam condidit. Sīc gēns Rōmāna cōnstitūta est. |
Translation Video |
Grammar Notes
A Quick Review of Passive Voice
You'll recall that we said that inn Latin (and English), we can use verbs "actively" and "passively" -- we call this "voice." So we say that verbs are either in the active or passive voice. An active voice verb is one in which the subject is performing the action, while a passive voice verb is one in which the subject is having the action done to them by someone else.
In previous chapters, you were introduced to the Passive Voice forms of the Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses. To conjugate verbs in all 3 of these tenses we start by going to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and dropping the "-re" ending. This is what we call the "Present Stem," so we say that these three tenses are in the "Present System."
There are still three tenses we didn't cover in the Passive Voice, though. These are the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses. To conjugate verbs in these 3 tenses we start with the 3rd Principal Part (the 1st Person Singular, Perfect Tense) and drop the "-ī." This is what we call the "Perfect Stem," so we say that these three tenses are in the "Perfect System."
In previous chapters, you were introduced to the Passive Voice forms of the Present, Imperfect, and Future Tenses. To conjugate verbs in all 3 of these tenses we start by going to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and dropping the "-re" ending. This is what we call the "Present Stem," so we say that these three tenses are in the "Present System."
There are still three tenses we didn't cover in the Passive Voice, though. These are the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect tenses. To conjugate verbs in these 3 tenses we start with the 3rd Principal Part (the 1st Person Singular, Perfect Tense) and drop the "-ī." This is what we call the "Perfect Stem," so we say that these three tenses are in the "Perfect System."
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tenses: Passive Voice
For each of these three tenses in the Passive Voice, we start in the same place. We look at the 4th Principal Part of the verb (the Perfect Passive Participle). This part of the verb can be used on its own and we'll look at that in a later chapter. For now, though, we want to explore how it's used to form the Passive Voice. It all depends on what tense you are trying to use, but the general rule of thumb is to take the 4th Principal Part and add some form of the verb "esse" ("to be").
To form the Passive Voice of the Perfect Tense, we take the 4th Principal Part of the verb and add the PRESENT TENSE form of "esse." We translate the Perfect Passive as "has been ____________."
To form the Passive Voice of the Pluperfect Tense, we take the 4th Principal Part of the verb and add the IMPERFECT TENSE form of "esse." We translate the Perfect Passive as "had been ____________."
To form the Passive Voice of the Future Perfect Tense, we take the 4th Principal Part of the verb and add the FUTURE TENSE form of "esse." We translate the Perfect Passive as "will have been ____________."
Let's use the example of "portō, portāre, portāvī, portātus, to carry" to see how all these tenses work:
To form the Passive Voice of the Perfect Tense, we take the 4th Principal Part of the verb and add the PRESENT TENSE form of "esse." We translate the Perfect Passive as "has been ____________."
To form the Passive Voice of the Pluperfect Tense, we take the 4th Principal Part of the verb and add the IMPERFECT TENSE form of "esse." We translate the Perfect Passive as "had been ____________."
To form the Passive Voice of the Future Perfect Tense, we take the 4th Principal Part of the verb and add the FUTURE TENSE form of "esse." We translate the Perfect Passive as "will have been ____________."
Let's use the example of "portō, portāre, portāvī, portātus, to carry" to see how all these tenses work:
Pay close attention to the form of "esse" highlighted on the chart below. For Perfect Passive, "esse" is in the Present Tense. For Pluperfect Passive, "esse" is in the Imperfect Tense. And for Future Perfect Passive, "esse" is in the Future Tense.
Singular vs. Plural 4th Principal Part
There is one very important note for the 4th Principal Part. The 4th PP is what we call a "participle" (sometimes called a "verbal adjective") -- it is a form of the verb that uses adjective endings. Because of this, it has to match the Nominative Case noun in CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER. The good news is that the subject of the verb is always NOMINATIVE, so the 4th PP only uses Nominative Case endings! That's why we list it as "-us, -a, -um," which is the singular Nominative for Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter Nouns, and "-ī, -ae, -a" in the plural.
So, when you have a singular subject (I, you, he/she/it), you need to use either "-us, -a," or "-um," depending on whether your subject is Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter.
If you have a plural subject (we, y'all, they), you need to use "-ī, -ae," or "-a" -- again, it depends on the gender of your subject. Take a look at the chart below to notice the highlighted endings of the 4th principal part:
So, when you have a singular subject (I, you, he/she/it), you need to use either "-us, -a," or "-um," depending on whether your subject is Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter.
If you have a plural subject (we, y'all, they), you need to use "-ī, -ae," or "-a" -- again, it depends on the gender of your subject. Take a look at the chart below to notice the highlighted endings of the 4th principal part:
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Chapter 30 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Write in Latin: She had been received, she had received; they will have been helped, they will have helped, they will help; he has killed, he has been killed, he was killing; we shall fall, we shall have fallen; they were establishing, they had established, they had been established; you were ruling, you had ruled, you will have ruled.
II. Give a synopsis in the active and passive of each of the following verbs, in the person and number designated, and give the English meaning of each form:
1. accūsō, in the second person plural
2. occidō, in the third person plural
3. moneō, in the third person singular
4. impediō, in the first person plural
5. iaciō, in the second person singular
II. Give a synopsis in the active and passive of each of the following verbs, in the person and number designated, and give the English meaning of each form:
1. accūsō, in the second person plural
2. occidō, in the third person plural
3. moneō, in the third person singular
4. impediō, in the first person plural
5. iaciō, in the second person singular
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. The inhabitants of Troy had been driven in many directions by the Greeks.
2. The Trojans remained in Carthage for many months.
3. They fled from Carthage because they had been warned by the Fates.
4. Aeneas had thought: "If I am received (shall have been received) kindly, I shall remain in Italy and establish a new race."
5. But because they were strangers, the Trojans were not kindly received by the unfriendly inhabitants of Italy.
6. Men from each side fought hard and fell in battle.
7. Turnus violently reproached the Trojan leader.
8. After Turnus had been killed in battle, Aeneas married Lavinia daughter of Latinus.
9. Latinus had founded Laurentum, but Aeneas and his wife were founding Lavinium.
10. The Trojan race will rule at Alba Longa for three hundred years.
2. The Trojans remained in Carthage for many months.
3. They fled from Carthage because they had been warned by the Fates.
4. Aeneas had thought: "If I am received (shall have been received) kindly, I shall remain in Italy and establish a new race."
5. But because they were strangers, the Trojans were not kindly received by the unfriendly inhabitants of Italy.
6. Men from each side fought hard and fell in battle.
7. Turnus violently reproached the Trojan leader.
8. After Turnus had been killed in battle, Aeneas married Lavinia daughter of Latinus.
9. Latinus had founded Laurentum, but Aeneas and his wife were founding Lavinium.
10. The Trojan race will rule at Alba Longa for three hundred years.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 30 Sentence Translation (Specifically Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tense -- Passive Voice)
Chapter 30 Sentence Translation (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 30 Verb Conjugation Practice (Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tense -- Passive Voice)
Chapter 30 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 30 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 30 Sentence Translation (Specifically Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tense -- Passive Voice)
Chapter 30 Sentence Translation (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 30 Verb Conjugation Practice (Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Tense -- Passive Voice)
Chapter 30 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 30 Noun Ending Chart (All)