Chapter 31 Vocabulary
cupidus, -a, -um, desirous, eager
dēvoveō, -ēre, dēvōvī, dēvōtus, devote; vow; sacrifice dīligentia, -ae, f., diligence, care ego, I nōs, we grātia, -ae, f., favor, esteem grātiās agere, to thank (idiom) meus, -a, -um, my noster, -tra, -trum, our |
oblītus, -a, -um, unmindful, forgetful
praemium, praemī, n., reward scrībō, -ere, scrīpsī, scrīptus, to write suī, of himself, etc. tū, you (sing.) vōs, you (pl.) tuus, -a, -um, your (when addressing one person) vester, -tra, -trum, your (when addressing more than one person) |
Chapter 31 Derivatives
cupidus: cupidity
dēvovēre: devout, devote, devotion grātia: gratuity, gratuitous, ingratiate, gracious, grace, disgrace oblītus: oblivion |
praemium: premium
scrībō: conscript, script, describe, transcribe, scribe, scribble, scrivener, inscription, postscript, subscribe, prescription, manuscript, scripture |
IN LŪDŌ
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Hodiē Sextus magnā cum celeritāte in lūdum venit, quod magister puerīs praemia dabit. In lūdō Orbilius mox Sextum ad sē vocat et dīcit: “Herī, Sextī, ego tē laudāvī quod tū fabulam pulchram dē Rōmā scrīpseras. Rōma mihi est cāra et fābula tua mē dēlectāvit. Itaque hodiē praemium tibi ā mē datur. praemium tuum est novus stilus.” Sextus respondet, “Tibi, magister, grātiās ago (thank you, sir),” et stilum cum gaudiō accipit. “Stilus novus mihi est maximē acceptus. Nūnc ego magnā dīligentiā scrībam.” Sextus amicīs suīs stilum novum dēmonstrat. Tum Orbilius Lūcium et Aulum ad sē vocat, "Herī, meī puerī,” inquit, “vōs quoque laudāvimus. Vōs nōbīs fābulam dē Aenēā et prīncipiīs Rōmae nārrāvistis. Fābulae vestrae nōs dēlectāvērunt et ā nōbis laudātae sunt. Vōbis quoque praemia dō. Praemia vestra sunt librī. In librīs sunt fābulae dē Rōmānīs clārīs. Fortasse pars fābulārum nōbīs ā vōbīs nārrābitur.” Puerī laetī librōs suōs accipiunt. “Nōs,” inquit Lūcius, “tibi grātiās agimus; libenter librōs novōs legimus.” “Quis nostrum (which one of us) fābulās hodiē narrābit?” Titus magistrum rogat. “Pars vestrum (Part of you) fābulās nārrābit et pars vestrum fābulās scrībit. Parvī puerī fābulās nārrābunt,” respondet Orbilius. “Nōnne nōs quoque, Orbilī, ā tē laudābimur? Num tū eris oblītus nostrī (You will not forget us/be forgetful of us, will you)? Cupidī praemiōrum sumus. Nōnne nōbis quoque praemia dabis?” rogat Titus. “Ego nōn erō oblitus vestrī, sī vōs mēcum dīligenter labōrāveritis,” respondet Orbilius. “Dē quō fābulam nārrābō?” rogat Titus. “Fābulam dē Aenēā nārrā,” respondet Orbilius. “Aenēās,” inquit Titus, “pius erat. Suī erat oblītus (He was self-sacrificing) et prō patriā sē dēvovēbat. Adultus, ego quoque meī oblītus erō.” “Nōs nostrī semper oblītī erimus et prō patriā nōs dēvovēbimus,” clāmant discipulī. “Certē,” inquit Orbilius, “sed nunc librīs Latīnīs vōs dēvovēte.” Nōtā bene: Tibi magister grātiās ago, thank you, sir; literally, to you sir I perform thanks Sui erat oblitus, he was self-sacrificing; literally, he was forgetful of self Nārrā. tell (imperative) vos dēvovēte, devote yourselves Hodiē Sextus magnā cum celeritāte in lūdum venit, quod magister puerīs praemia dabit. In lūdō Orbilius mox Sextum ad sē vocat et dīcit: “Herī, Sextī, ego tē laudāvī quod tū fabulam pulchram dē Rōmā scrīpseras. Rōma mihi est cāra et fābula tua mē dēlectāvit. Itaque hodiē praemium tibi ā mē datur. Praemium tuum est novus stilus.” Sextus respondet, “Tibi, magister, grātiās ago (thank you, sir),” et stilum cum gaudiō accipit. “Stilus novus mihi est maximē acceptus. Nūnc ego magnā dīligentiā scrībam.” Sextus amicīs suīs stilum novum dēmonstrat. Tum Orbilius Lūcium et Aulum ad sē vocat, "Herī, meī puerī,” inquit, “vōs quoque laudāvimus. Vōs nōbīs fābulam dē Aenēā et prīncipiīs Rōmae nārrāvistis. Fābulae vestrae nōs dēlectāvērunt et ā nōbis laudātae sunt. Vōbis quoque praemia dō. Praemia vestra sunt librī. In librīs sunt fābulae dē Rōmānīs clārīs. Fortasse pars fābulārum nōbīs ā vōbīs nārrābitur.” Puerī laetī librōs suōs accipiunt. “Nōs,” inquit Lūcius, “tibi grātiās agimus; libenter librōs novōs legimus.” “Quis nostrum (which one of us) fābulās hodiē narrābit?” Titus magistrum rogat. “Pars vestrum (Part of you) fābulās nārrābit et pars vestrum fābulās scrībit. Parvī puerī fābulās nārrābunt,” respondet Orbilius. “Nōnne nōs quoque, Orbilī, ā tē laudābimur? Num tū eris oblītus nostrī (You will not forget us/be forgetful of us, will you)? Cupidī praemiōrum sumus. Nōnne nōbis quoque praemia dabis?” rogat Titus. “Ego nōn erō oblitus vestrī, sī vōs mēcum dīligenter labōrāveritis,” respondet Orbilius. “Dē quō fābulam nārrābō?” rogat Titus. “Fābulam dē Aenēā nārrā,” respondet Orbilius. “Aenēās,” inquit Titus, “pius erat. Suī erat oblītus (He was self-sacrificing) et prō patriā sē dēvovēbat. Adultus, ego quoque meī oblītus erō.” “Nōs nostrī semper oblītī erimus et prō patriā nōs dēvovēbimus,” clāmant discipulī. “Certē,” inquit Orbilius, “sed nunc librīs Latīnīs vōs dēvovēte.” Nōtā bene: Tibi magister grātiās ago, thank you, sir; literally, to you sir I perform thanks Sui erat oblitus, he was self-sacrificing; literally, he was forgetful of self Nārrā. tell (imperative) vos dēvovēte, devote yourselves |
Translation Video |
IN LŪDŌ: Discussion
- In the story In Lūdō are found many pronouns. Ego is called the pronoun of the first person, because it refers to the person speaking. Tū is called the pronoun of the second person, because it refers to the person spoken to. Ego and tū with their plurals nos and võs are called personal pronouns. Find as many cases as you can of these pronouns in the story.
- The nominative forms of the personal pronouns are not often used, except to give emphasis or make a contrast. For the genitive of the plural nos there are two forms nostri and nostrum; for the genitive of võs there are two forms vestri and vestrum. These genitive forms are not ordinarily used to denote possession; for this purpose the possessive adjectives noster, our, and vester, your, are used instead.
- The genitive case often designates the whole of which a part is taken; as, pars fābulārum, a part of the stories. In the same way the genitive forms nostrum and vestrum are used to designate the whole of which a part is taken; as, quis nostrum, who (which one) of us? pars vestrum, part of you. A genitive so used is called a genitive of the whole, or, often, a partitive genitive.
- The genitive case is used with many adjectives meaning desirous, forgetful, mindful, full, and skilled; as, cupidi praemiorum sumus, we are desirous of prizes. In the same way, the genitive forms nostri and vestri are used with these adjectives; as, oblītus nostri, forgetful of us; oblītus vestrī, forgetful of you. The genitive so used is called the genitive with adjectives.
- Sui, sibi, sē, (acc.) and sē (abl.) are the forms of the reflexive pronoun used in the third person only. It is called reflexive because it refers back to the subject of the sentence in which it is used. This pronoun has no nominative. The declension is the same in the plural as in the singular. The meaning is determined by the subject; as, puella sē vulnerat, the girl wounds herself; puer sē vulnerat, the boy wounds himself; animal sē vulnerat, the animal wounds itself; mīlitēs sē vulnerant, the soldiers wound themselves.
- All forms of the personal pronouns ego and tū, except the nominative, may be used reflexively; as, ego më vulnero, I wound myself; tū tē vulnerās, you wound yourself.
- Note that in expressing the ablative of accompaniment with these pronouns, the preposition cum follows the pronoun, and is attached to it; as, mēcum, with me, tēcum, with you (sing.); nobiscum, with us; võbiscum, with you (pl.); sēcum, with himself, herself, themselves.
- The personal pronouns ego and tū, and the reflexive sui, each have a corresponding pronominal adjective which is used to show possession. These adjectives are called possessive adjectives and are declined according to the first and second adjective declension. They are meus, mea, meum, my or mine; noster, nostra, nostrum, our; tuus, tua, tuum, your (used when speaking to one person); vester, vestra, vestrum, your (used when speaking to more than one person); suus, sua, suum, his, her, its, their (used when referring to the subject of the clause in which it stands).
- Possessive adjectives follow the rule for the agreement of adjectives -- that is, they agree in gender, number, and case, with the words they modify; as, frāter meus, my brother; soror mea, my sister; nomen meum, my name.
- Learn the paradigms of personal and reflexive pronouns. The reflexive pronoun has no forms in the nominative.
- For the third person, the pronoun is, he, ea, she, id, it, is used. This pronoun and its forms are discussed in the next chapter.
- Suus, -a, -um, is used only when the possessor is the same person or thing as the subject of the clause in which it stands.
- The possessive adjectives are as follows:
meus, mea, meum, my mine
tuus, tua, tuum, your one person
suus, sua, suum, his, her, its
noster, nostra, nostrum, our
vester, vestra, vestrum, your (more than one person)
suus, sua, suum, their
tuus, tua, tuum, your one person
suus, sua, suum, his, her, its
noster, nostra, nostrum, our
vester, vestra, vestrum, your (more than one person)
suus, sua, suum, their
Grammar Notes
Pronouns: 1st and 2nd Persons
In Latin and English, we use '"pronouns" to take the place of nouns -- it's as simple as that! So for example, I could say "I see the boy. The boys is happy." But a more concise way to avoid repetition is to use a pronoun to replace the repeated word. In other words, I would say "I see the boy. He is happy." There are a variety of different pronouns we can use, though (I, you, he/she/it, we, y'all they, him, her, etc.) -- so how do we know which is when and when to use them?
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To start, we are going to look specifically at 1st and 2nd Person Pronouns. Here is a refresher on what we mean:
Like all nouns, though, pronouns have CASE and NUMBER. You'll notice that 1st and 2nd Person Pronouns do NOT have GENDER! This is because the pronouns "I, you, we," and "y'all" are not gender specific. The same goes for English -- if you were to read a sentence that says, "I am happy" you have no idea the gender of the speaker.
Here is the full chart for 1st and 2nd person pronouns, along with their English translations (according to the cases):
- "1st Person" refers to either the singular speaker ("I") or the speaker as part of a group ("we")
- "2nd Person" refers to the person being spoken to ("you") or the group of people being spoken to ("you all")
Like all nouns, though, pronouns have CASE and NUMBER. You'll notice that 1st and 2nd Person Pronouns do NOT have GENDER! This is because the pronouns "I, you, we," and "y'all" are not gender specific. The same goes for English -- if you were to read a sentence that says, "I am happy" you have no idea the gender of the speaker.
Here is the full chart for 1st and 2nd person pronouns, along with their English translations (according to the cases):
So when would we use these pronouns? Whenever you want to replace the name of a person or thing. For instance, if I wanted to say "I saw you today in school," I have two prounouns: "I" and "you". Here are the steps for figuring it out:
- What is "I" doing in the sentence? In this case, it is the subject so it would be in the NOMINATIVE CASE. Since it is singular ("I" and not "we"), we would use the pronoun "Ego"
- What is "you" doing in the sentence? It's not the subject; it's not showing possession; it's not an indirect object; and it's not indicating how something was done. It's the direct object (the person/thing being seen) which means it's in the ACCUSATIVE CASE. Therefore, we would use the pronoun "tē" since it is also singular.
Pronouns: 3rd Person
As the chapter discussion noted, 3rd Person Pronouns are different in that they use the forms "is, ea, id." To make it easier and not overwhelming, we will learn these forms next chapter, so stay tuned! This means that in this chapter we are only using forms of "I" and "you" -- "he/she/it" will come next chapter!
Reflexive Pronouns
The next type of pronoun that we are going to learn is called a "Reflexive Pronoun." Let's stop for a minute and think about this -- what does it mean to "reflect" something? Think about a mirror -- it shows your reflection, which is just an image of yourself! That metaphor of the reflection of a mirror will help you think about Reflexive Pronouns. They are pronouns that refer back to the speaker him/her/itself or themselves! They come from the Latin term "reflectere" which means "to bend back." You can see this in their English forms: "myself, yourself, him/her/itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves." One way to think about Reflexive Pronouns is that they bend back to the subject or refer back to the subject. In English, we always use the word "self" or "selves" to translate Reflexive Pronouns.
But how do we use these pronouns? Well let's take a look at a few examples and compare Reflexive Pronouns to the normal Personal Pronouns we just learned about::
But how do we use these pronouns? Well let's take a look at a few examples and compare Reflexive Pronouns to the normal Personal Pronouns we just learned about::
Personal Pronouns
You praised me. I praised him. She hear him. We saw her. You all heard me. They praised her. |
Reflexive Pronouns
You praised yourself. I praised myself. She heard herself. We saw ourselves. You all heard yourselves. They praised themselves. |
Do you notice the difference in usage between Personal Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns? With Personal Pronouns, the subject and the pronoun are always two different people. For example, in the first sentence "You" and "me" are not the same person. With the Reflexive Pronouns, the subject and the pronoun are the same person/people -- this is what we mean by the pronoun "referring back to the subject." For example, in the first sentence "You" and "Yourself" are the same person.
Here is the chart of 1st and 2nd Person Reflexive Pronouns:
Here is the chart of 1st and 2nd Person Reflexive Pronouns:
3rd Person Reflexive Pronouns have a different look from 1st and 2nd person Reflexives, so we put them in a separate chart, just to help you memorize them. Their chart looks like this:
Notes on Reflexives
- Notice that Reflexive Pronouns do NOT have a Nominative Case form. Let's think about the reason... If Reflexive Pronouns refer back to the subject, they can't be the subject themselves, right? Otherwise there would be nothing to refer back to! This is why Reflexives have no Nominative Case form.
- In the 1st and 2nd Person, the Reflexive Pronoun is IDENTICAL to the Personal Pronoun! How can we tell them apart, then? Don't worry, even though they are spelled the same you will be able to tell by their usage in a Latin sentence. Whenever the Pronoun and the Subject are the same person/thing, the pronoun is being used "reflexively"
- 3rd Person Reflexive Pronouns look IDENTICAL to 2nd Person Reflexive Pronouns, except they use an "s-" instead of a "t-" (ex. "tui" --> "sui")
- 3rd Person Reflexive Pronouns are spelled the exact same way in the SINGULAR and PLURAL forms -- so there is no way to tell by the spelling whether we translate the pronoun as "himself/herself/itself" or "themselves". Don't worry, though! The Reflexive Pronoun will have the same NUMBER (Singular/Plural) as the subject it refers back to! So, for example, if the subject is singular the reflexive pronoun will be singular!
- We learned with Personal Pronouns that the 3rd Person always has GENDER ("himself," "herself," "itself") -- but there is no gender in the chart. What's going on here? Again, don't worry! You can tell the gender of the reflexive pronoun by looking at the subject it refers to -- they will have the exact same gender!
Possessive Adjectives
1st/2nd Person Possessive Adjectives
Did you notice how at the top of the notes I mentioned that the GENITIVE Case of 1st/2nd Person Personal Pronouns (mei, tui, etc) are NOT used to show possession? If that's true, then how do we show possession in Latin? How do I say "my" or "your," for instance? The answer is actually similar to English: Possessive Adjectives. In English, we would not say "the book of me;" rather, we would say "my book." In that phrase, "my" is an adjective describing the noun "book." In English, the Possessive Adjectives are: my, your, his/her/its, our, your (pl.), and their.
Let's start with the SINGULAR forms 1st/2nd Person Possessive Adjectives in Latin:
Let's start with the SINGULAR forms 1st/2nd Person Possessive Adjectives in Latin:
Key Notes:
- 1st/2nd Person Possessive Adjectives are "-us, -a, -um" adjectives (1st/2nd Declension), so the endings should look very familiar! This makes them a bit easier to memorize.
- We use the singular form of these adjectives ("meus/tuus") when ONE person possesses ONE object! ("My book")
- We use the plural form of these adjectives ("mei/tui") when ONE person possesses MORE THAN ONE object ("My books")
- Since these words are adjectives they will have CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER -- they match the noun they are describing!
Now let's take a look at the PLURAL forms of the 1st/2nd Person Possessive Adjectives:
Key Notes:
- We use the singular form of these adjectives ("noster/vester") when MORE THAN ONE person possesses ONE object! ("Our book")
- We use the plural form of these adjectives ("nostri/vestri") when MORE THAN ONE person possesses MORE THAN ONE object ("Our books")
- Again, these words are adjectives so they will have CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER -- they match the noun they are describing!
Possession in the 3rd Person
You might have noticed that we did not include 3rd Person possession ("his, hers, its") in the description above. This is because it involves 3rd Person pronouns, so we will deal with it next chapter! Stay tuned!
Uses of the Genitive: "Genitive of the Whole"; Genitive w/ Adjectives
Thinking back to our first look at the Genitive Case, we learned that it is primarily used to show possession (ex. "this is the son of Cornelius") and we translate it with the English word "of." That is not the only use of the Genitive case, though. Another use of the Genitive is to refer to a smaller piece of a larger whole. While this might seem odd, you can hear the connection in English -- we would say "I am part of a community," for example. In that sentence, we can see the Genitive in the phrase "of the community." This use of the Genitive is referring to a small piece ("part") of a larger whole ("the community"). Notice, too, that we still use the word "of" in our translation. This use of the Genitive is known as the "Partitive Genitive" (since you are referring to part of something) or the "Genitive of the Whole."
Another way to use the Genitive Case is with adjectives meaning "desirous, full, mindful, skilled," and their opposites, which makes sense ("desirous of ____", "full of _____", "mindful of _____"). Don't stress, though, in both new instances of the Genitive Case, if you stick with "of" as your translation of the Genitive, you can usually translate without any issue!
Another way to use the Genitive Case is with adjectives meaning "desirous, full, mindful, skilled," and their opposites, which makes sense ("desirous of ____", "full of _____", "mindful of _____"). Don't stress, though, in both new instances of the Genitive Case, if you stick with "of" as your translation of the Genitive, you can usually translate without any issue!
Chapter 31 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Substitute the correct Latin word for the italicized English word or words:
1. Lūcius et Aulus cum amīcīs (their) domum properant.
2. Estne pater (with you) māter?
3. (Your) pater nōn est (with me), puerī.
4. Quis domum (with you) venit?
5. (Our) amīcī (with us) vēnērunt.
6. Pater (of himself) est oblītus.
7. Pater prō patriā (himself) dēvovet.
8. Pater est cupidus (of peace).
1. Lūcius et Aulus cum amīcīs (their) domum properant.
2. Estne pater (with you) māter?
3. (Your) pater nōn est (with me), puerī.
4. Quis domum (with you) venit?
5. (Our) amīcī (with us) vēnērunt.
6. Pater (of himself) est oblītus.
7. Pater prō patriā (himself) dēvovet.
8. Pater est cupidus (of peace).
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Aulus was writing his Latin story with great diligence.
2. The commander called his soldiers to him.
3. "You have fought with the greatest courage, my legions."
4. You have been eager for battle.
5. You have been unmindful of yourselves; you have devoted yourselves to your country.
6. You have not been forgetful of your country.
7. Part of you have been wounded.
8. Many of my soldiers have been killed.
9. I shall give you great rewards.
10. "Your story is good, Aulus," says Orbilius. "Thank you sir," replied Aulus.
2. The commander called his soldiers to him.
3. "You have fought with the greatest courage, my legions."
4. You have been eager for battle.
5. You have been unmindful of yourselves; you have devoted yourselves to your country.
6. You have not been forgetful of your country.
7. Part of you have been wounded.
8. Many of my soldiers have been killed.
9. I shall give you great rewards.
10. "Your story is good, Aulus," says Orbilius. "Thank you sir," replied Aulus.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 31 Sentence Translation (All Tenses -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 31 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 31 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 31 Sentence Translation (All Tenses -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 31 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 31 Noun Ending Chart (All)