Chapter 32 Vocabulary
arbor, arboris, f., tree
arca, -ae, f., chest avus, -ī, m., grandfather crēber, -bra, -brum, dense; frequent custōdia, ae, f., guard, custody in custōdiam trādere, to put under arrest (idiom) deinde, then, thereupon diūtius, longer imber, imbris, imbrium, m., rain is, ea, id, this, that, he, she, it; they latibulum, -ī, n., den lupa, -ae, f., wolf malus, -a, -um, bad, wicked maior nātū, the elder (idiom) |
Palātium, Palātī, n., the Palatine hill
pāstor, pāstōris, m., shepherd paulō, a little paulō post, a little later (idiom) quī, quae, quod, who, which, that rāmus, -ī, m., branch redundō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to overflow rēgnum, -ī, n., kingdom rīpa, -ae, f., bank sacerdōs, sacerdōtis, m./f., priest; priestess statim, immediately, at once sub, under, at the foot of tangō, -ere, tetigī, tāctus, to touch trādō, -ere, trādidī, trāditus, to hand over, surrender, betray |
Chapter 32 Derivatives
arbor: arborist, arboretum
arca: arcane, ark, arcade custōdia: custody, custodian, custodial malus: malicious, malaria, malice, dismal, malificent |
redundāre: redundance, redundant
rēgnum: interregnum, reign tangere: tactile, intact, tangible, tangent, integrate, contact, contagious, contagion trādere: traitor, trade, tradition, treason |
The Demonstrative: DĒ PROCAE FĪLIĪS I
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Multōs annōs rēgēs Albae Longae rēgnāverant. Proca fuit rēx clārus Albānōrum. Is (He) duōs fīliōs habuit. Eius (of him/his) fīliī erant Numitor et Amūlius. Numitor erat maior nātū; itaque eī rēgnum datum est. Sed Amūlius, malus homō, eum cum fīliō et fīliā ā rēgnō pepulit. Etiam tum Amūlius frātrem et eius līberōs timēbat. Itaque ab eō fīlius Numitōris interfectus est et fīlia, Rhēa Silvia, sacerdōs Vestae facta est. Ea (She) tamen ā Marte, deō bellī, amābātur. Eius (of her/hers) fīliī erant Rōmulus et Remus, geminī. Puerī parvī eī erant cārī. Sed Amūlius eam in custōdiam trādidit et geminōs ab eā rapuit. Puerī in arcā positī sunt et in flūmen Tiberim iactī sunt. Tum crēbrī imbrēs in flūmen vēnerant; itaque id erat altum. In eius rīpās aqua redundāverat et flūmen nunc Palātium tangēbat. Proxima eī sub Palātiō erat arbor antīqua. Paucī rāmī arboris flūmen tetigērunt et arcam constituērunt. Nōn diūtius erat flūmen altum; arca in terrā relicta erat. Paulō post lupa ad flūmen vēnit. Lupa puerōs invēnit et servāvīt. Notā bene: Maior nātū, elder older duōs, two Tiberim, is acc. sing; see main vocabulary Multōs annōs rēgēs Albae Longae rēgnāverant. Proca fuit rēx clārus Albānōrum. Is (He) duōs fīliōs habuit. Eius (of him/his) fīliī erant Numitor et Amūlius. Numitor erat maior nātū; itaque eī rēgnum datum est. Sed Amūlius, malus homō, eum cum fīliō et fīliā ā rēgnō pepulit. Etiam tum Amūlius frātrem et eius līberōs timēbat. Itaque ab eō fīlius Numitōris interfectus est et fīlia, Rhēa Silvia, sacerdōs Vestae facta est. Ea (She) tamen ā Marte, deō bellī, amābātur. Eius (of her/hers) fīliī erant Rōmulus et Remus, geminī. Puerī parvī eī erant cārī. Sed Amūlius eam in custōdiam trādidit et geminōs ab eā rapuit. Puerī in arcā positī sunt et in flūmen Tiberim iactī sunt. Tum crēbrī imbrēs in flūmen vēnerant; itaque id erat altum. In eius rīpās aqua redundāverat et flūmen nunc Palātium tangēbat. Proxima eī sub Palātiō erat arbor antīqua. Paucī rāmī arboris flūmen tetigērunt et arcam constituērunt. Nōn diūtius erat flūmen altum; arca in terrā relicta erat. Paulō post lupa ad flūmen vēnit. Lupa puerōs invēnit et servāvīt. Notā bene: Maior nātū, elder older duōs, two Tiberim, is acc. sing; see main vocabulary |
Translation Video |
DĒ PROCAE FĪLIĪS I: Discussion
- The singular forms of the pronoun "is" are used in the story Dě Procae Filiīs I. This pronoun has three genders. The gender of the pronoun is the same as that of the noun which it represents. Find the masculine forms of the pronoun. Give the case and meaning of each. Find the feminine forms of the pronoun. Give the case and meaning of each. Find the neuter forms of the pronoun. Give the case and meaning of each.
- The plural forms of this pronoun must be learned from the paradigm given on the next page.
- The pronoun is, ea, id, is really a demonstrative pronoun, because it stands for, and points out, an object or person previously mentioned; but it is frequently used as the personal pronoun of the third person. It may also be used as a demonstrative adjective, modifying a noun.
- When is, ea, id, is used as an adjective, it means this or that and agrees in gender, number, and case, with the noun it modifies; as, is vir, this or that man; ea sacerdos, this or that priestess; id flumen, this or that river. Is refers without special emphasis to persons or objects which already have been mentioned; it is a weak demonstrative.
- Learn the following paradigm. Observe that the plural endings are the same as those of adjectives of the first and second declension.
- The possessive adjective suus, -a, -um, meaning his, her, its, their, is used when the possessor is the same person or thing as the subject of the clause in which it stands; as, Pueri mātrem suam amāvērunt, The boys loved their mother. Under other conditions the genitive forms of the personal pronoun must be used: eius, his, her, its, in the singular, and eorum or eārum, their, in the plural; as, Amūlius eorum mātrem in custodiam tradidit, Amulius put their mother under arrest.
The Relative: DĒ PROCAE FĪLIĪS II
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Geminī ā deō Mārte quī (who) erat pater eōrum semper curābantur. Is lupam quae (which) in Palātiō habitābat ad puerōs misit. Ea lupa līberōs ad latibulum suum quod (which) est sub Palātiō trāxit et multōs mēnsēs mātrem sē gessit. Tum pāstor, cuius nōmen erat Faustulus, eōs invēnit et domum ad uxōrem Accam portāvit. Statim Acca puerōs quī erant pulchrī amāvit. Sīc līberī Rhēae, fīliae Numitōris, quem Amūlius ā regnō pepulerat, servātī sunt. Multōs annōs geminī quibus nōmina Rōmulus et Remus data erant cum Accā et Faustilō habitābant. Pastōrēs quibuscum cotīdiē laborābant eōs ducēs dēlēgērunt. Post multōs annōs Rōmulus et Remus fabulam dē avō Numitōre et eius frātre audīvērunt. Deinde geminī quōrum virtūs erat maxima Albam Longam properāverunt et Amūlium ex rēgnō pepulērunt. Itaque Numitor iterum rēx Albānōrum factus est et Albae Longae erat magnum gaudium. Ea est fābula dē Rōmā quam līberī Rōmānī amābant. Etiam hodiē nōs quī eam fābulam legimus dēlectāmur. Notā bene: sē gessit, acted (as), conducted herself (as) Geminī ā deō Mārte quī (who) erat pater eōrum semper curābantur. Is lupam quae (which) in Palātiō habitābat ad puerōs misit. Ea lupa līberōs ad latibulum suum quod (which) est sub Palātiō trāxit et multōs mēnsēs mātrem sē gessit. Tum pāstor, cuius nōmen erat Faustulus, eōs invēnit et domum ad uxōrem Accam portāvit. Statim Acca puerōs quī erant pulchrī amāvit. Sīc līberī Rhēae, fīliae Numitōris, quem Amūlius ā regnō pepulerat, servātī sunt. Multōs annōs geminī quibus nōmina Rōmulus et Remus data erant cum Accā et Faustilō habitābant. Pastōrēs quibuscum cotīdiē laborābant eōs ducēs dēlēgērunt. Post multōs annōs Rōmulus et Remus fabulam dē avō Numitōre et eius frātre audīvērunt. Deinde geminī quōrum virtūs erat maxima Albam Longam properāverunt et Amūlium ex rēgnō pepulērunt. Itaque Numitor iterum rēx Albānōrum factus est et Albae Longae erat magnum gaudium. Ea est fābula dē Rōmā quam līberī Rōmānī amābant. Etiam hodiē nōs quī eam fābulam legimus dēlectāmur. Notā bene: sē gessit, acted (as), conducted herself (as) |
Translation Video |
DĒ PROCAE FĪLIĪS II: Discussion
- In the sentence Gemini ā deo Mārte qui erat pater eorum semper cūrābantur, to what word does the pronoun qui refer? In what gender and number is Mārte? The pronoun qui is in the same gender and number as the word to which it refers. This word is called the antecedent and the pronoun is called a relative pronoun. In what case is Mārte? In what case is qui? Is the relative pronoun qui in the same case as its antecedent Mārte?
- In the sentence Sic liberi Rheae filiae Numitoris quem Amūlius ā rēgno pepulerat servāti sunt, to what word does quem refer? In what gender and number is Numitoris? In what gender and number is quem? In what case is Numitoris? How is quem used used? In what case is quem? A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, but its case depends upon its use in the clause in which it occurs.
- In the sentence Etiam hodiē nos qui eam fābulam legimus dēlectāmur, what is the antecedent of qui? What person and number is nos? Of what verb is qui the subject? What is the person and number of the verb? A relative pronoun also agrees in person with its antecedent; therefore the verb of which it is subject must be in the same person.
- Learn the following paradigm of the relative qui, quae, quod:
- N.B. If the preposition cum is used with the forms quo, quā, and quibus, it is usually attached to them as an enclitic; as, quôcum, quācum, quibuscum.
Grammar Notes
3rd Person Pronoun/Demonstrative: "Is, Ea, Id"
3rd person pronouns function in the same way as 1st and 2nd person pronouns, but there are a few key differences, which is why we have them as their own category. Here's what we mean by "3rd person pronouns":
Here is the chart of 3rd person pronouns: |
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There are a few important things to note about 3rd person pronouns:
- Even though they have GENDER, there is no way to differentiate between Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter when you are using the PLURAL forms -- they all translate to "they" in English. This means you need to use the context of the sentence to guide your Latin. If you are replacing a Masculine noun, use the Masculine pronoun. If you are replacing a Feminine noun, use a Feminine pronoun; and if you are replacing a Neuter noun, use a Neuter pronoun.
- Take a look at the plural endings for 3rd person pronouns -- do you notice a familiar pattern? They use the 1st/2nd Declension noun endings that we've been learning since Latin 1! This makes them predictable and easy to memorize.
- With 3rd person pronouns, the Genitive case DOES show possession! So "eius/eōrum/eārum" are how we say "his, hers, its" or "theirs"
- Remember, 3rd person pronouns use gender, so when you replace a noun with one of these pronouns you need to match the CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER!
Possession in the 3rd Person
At this point, we've established how to show possession in the 1st/2nd Person (my, your, our) by using Possessive Adjectives. But what about the 3rd Person? How do we say "his, her, its," or "their?" Remember how with Personal Pronouns we said the 3rd Person is a different chart? Well the same concept applies to possession in the 3rd Person-- it is a different set of rules!
The basic breakdown is as follows:
This is a critical difference (in English and Latin) and it determines what word we use in Latin.
The basic breakdown is as follows:
- Does the Subject of the sentence own the object?
- Does the object belong to someone OTHER THAN the subject?
This is a critical difference (in English and Latin) and it determines what word we use in Latin.
The Object Belongs to Someone Other Than the Subject
If you are trying to express that someone OTHER THAN the subject owns something, we use the GENITIVE Case form of the 3rd Person Personal Pronoun (eius/eōrum/eārum). Here's an example:
"Steve and Sharon own notebooks. Steve is holding her notebook."
In this sentence, "Steve" and "her" are two different people. In other words, Steve does NOT own the notebook! To say "her" we would us "eius" in Latin.
That example is pretty easy to spot, though, because the genders are different. What if the genders were the same? Let's take a look:
"Steve and Bill own notebooks. Steve is holding his notebook"
Now we have a problem -- whose notebook is Steven holding? If we want to express that Steve is holding Bill's notebook (again, the subject ("Steve") does NOT possess the notebook), we would use the word "eius."
"Steve and Sharon own notebooks. Steve is holding her notebook."
In this sentence, "Steve" and "her" are two different people. In other words, Steve does NOT own the notebook! To say "her" we would us "eius" in Latin.
That example is pretty easy to spot, though, because the genders are different. What if the genders were the same? Let's take a look:
"Steve and Bill own notebooks. Steve is holding his notebook"
Now we have a problem -- whose notebook is Steven holding? If we want to express that Steve is holding Bill's notebook (again, the subject ("Steve") does NOT possess the notebook), we would use the word "eius."
The Object Belongs to the Subject
If you are trying to say that the object in question belongs to the subject, we have to do something different. Think about it in English-- how would we say that Steve owns the notebook (from the examples above)? We would say "Steve is holding his own notebook." Do you see how we change the English slightly? Here we are showing possession, but we used the English word "own" to show that Steve is the owner of the notebook. In other words, the word "his own" is referring back to Steve. This is called a "Reflexive Possessive Adjective" and it makes perfect sense when you break it down in those terms! We are showing that the subject is in possession of something.
Here is the chart for 3rd Person Reflexive Possessive Adjectives:
Here is the chart for 3rd Person Reflexive Possessive Adjectives:
Key Notes
- With 3rd Person Reflexive Possessive Adjectives, we use the SINGULAR form to say that someone (or a group of people) own ONE thing
- With 3rd Person Reflexive Possessive Adjectives, we use the PLURAL form to say that someone (or a group of people) own MORE THAN ONE thing
- To figure out if one or more than one person own something, you need to look at the context of the sentence-- who is the subject? That will give you your answer
Relative Clauses/Pronouns
In this chapter, you were introduced to the idea of "Subordinate Clauses." These are clauses (a part of a sentence with its own subject and verb) that give more information about the main sentence, but can't stand on their own as an actual sentence. These subordinate clauses were introduced with the word "dum" ("while"). For example:
c/oDum Titus cēnat, miles fābulam nārrat.
While Titus eats dinner, a soldier tells a story. |
c/o Legonium
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In this sentence, "While Titus eats dinner" is the subordinate clause -- it is not a complete sentence, but it gives us more information about what was going on while the soldier was telling his story.
In this chapter, we are going to learn another type of Subordinate Clause, known as a "Relative Clause."
In this chapter, we are going to learn another type of Subordinate Clause, known as a "Relative Clause."
Relative Clauses Introduction
A "Relative Clause" is another type of subordinate clause, meaning that it can't stand on its own as a complete thought (just like the "dum" clauses). Relative clauses are descriptive -- they tell us more information about the main part of the sentence. Take a look at the example below:
Gemini ā deo Mārte qui erat pater eorum semper cūrābantur. The twins were always taken care of by the god Mars, who was their father.
I've highlighted the relative clause to make it more obvious. If we look at just the first part of the sentence we have "The twins were always taken care of by the god Mars...". That is the main part of the sentence, since it can stand on its own as a complete thought. It's not a very complicated sentence, but it is a complete thought nonetheless. If we look at the second part of the sentence, though, we have "who was their father." That's not a complete thought and therefore it is the subordinate clause. This relative clause is giving more information about the noun "Marte" -- remember, we said Relative Clauses are descriptive! In other words, Mars isn't just any god, he's their father. I now know more information about him.
Notice how the relative clause started with the pronoun "who" ("qui"). When used like this, we call these pronouns "Relative Pronouns." Every Relative Clause will start with a Relative Pronoun. The noun/pronoun in the main clause which we are learning more about (in this sentence, "puella") is known as the "antecedent," from the Latin "ante-" ("before") and "cēdere" ("to go"). The antecedent almost always is the word right before the relative pronoun (hence the name "antecedent!").
Notice how the relative clause started with the pronoun "who" ("qui"). When used like this, we call these pronouns "Relative Pronouns." Every Relative Clause will start with a Relative Pronoun. The noun/pronoun in the main clause which we are learning more about (in this sentence, "puella") is known as the "antecedent," from the Latin "ante-" ("before") and "cēdere" ("to go"). The antecedent almost always is the word right before the relative pronoun (hence the name "antecedent!").
Relative Pronouns
So what exactly is a Relative Pronoun? A Relative Pronoun is a word used at the beginning of a clause that gives additional information about someone/something mentioned in the main clause of the sentence. For our purposes, a Relative Pronoun starts a Relative Clause! A Relative Pronoun serves two purposes:
1) It stands in for a person/thing mentioned in the Main Clause so that you don't have to repeat yourself.
Ex. "This is the man whom I saw yesterday.
In this example, "whom I saw yesterday" is the Relative Clause and "whom" is the Relative Pronoun. It is taking the place (and give
more information about) the antecedent, "man". Without the Pronoun I would have to say "This is the man. I saw the man \ .
yesterday." Can you hear the repetition? That's what we are trying to avoid! The Relative Pronoun let's us connect those two
sentences into one bigger thought.
2) It introduces the Relative Clause and gives more information about the antecedent.
Again, look at the example above -- the Relative Pronoun "whom" is introducing the Relative Clause which gives us more
information about the man. He's not just any man; he's the man I saw yesterday!
In English we use a different word as the Relative Pronoun depending on if we are describing a person or a thing. If the antecedent we are describing is a PERSON, we use the words "who/whom/whose." If the antecedent we are describing is a THING, we use the words "which/that." Look at the examples below:
Antecedent is a PERSON (Subject): "I see the boy, who is tall"
Antecedent is a PERSON (Direct Object): "I see the boy, whom I saw yesterday."
Antecedent is a PERSON (Possession): "I see the boy, whose house is nearby."
Antecedent is a THING (Subject): "Rome is the city which Romulus built."/"Rome is the city that Romulus built."
Take a look at the chart of Relative Pronouns below!
1) It stands in for a person/thing mentioned in the Main Clause so that you don't have to repeat yourself.
Ex. "This is the man whom I saw yesterday.
In this example, "whom I saw yesterday" is the Relative Clause and "whom" is the Relative Pronoun. It is taking the place (and give
more information about) the antecedent, "man". Without the Pronoun I would have to say "This is the man. I saw the man \ .
yesterday." Can you hear the repetition? That's what we are trying to avoid! The Relative Pronoun let's us connect those two
sentences into one bigger thought.
2) It introduces the Relative Clause and gives more information about the antecedent.
Again, look at the example above -- the Relative Pronoun "whom" is introducing the Relative Clause which gives us more
information about the man. He's not just any man; he's the man I saw yesterday!
In English we use a different word as the Relative Pronoun depending on if we are describing a person or a thing. If the antecedent we are describing is a PERSON, we use the words "who/whom/whose." If the antecedent we are describing is a THING, we use the words "which/that." Look at the examples below:
Antecedent is a PERSON (Subject): "I see the boy, who is tall"
Antecedent is a PERSON (Direct Object): "I see the boy, whom I saw yesterday."
Antecedent is a PERSON (Possession): "I see the boy, whose house is nearby."
Antecedent is a THING (Subject): "Rome is the city which Romulus built."/"Rome is the city that Romulus built."
Take a look at the chart of Relative Pronouns below!
Chapter 32 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give the Latin for the following phrases:
1. This clan (nom and acc); this king (nom and acc); this river (nom and acc); these shepherds (nom and acc); these priestesses (nom and acc); these temples (nom and acc)
2. With him, to or for them, of her, of them, him (acc), them (masc acc), she, they (fem), of it, they (neuter)
II. Give the Latin for the italicized words:
1. The wolf came to them and the boys liked her.
2. The mother loved her boys, but Amulius feared her boys.
3. Her boys were thrown into the river.
4. The wolf heard their cries.
5. The boys found their grandfather and made him king.
III. Substitute Latin words for the italicized English words:
1. Arca in which puerī positī erant parva erat.
2. Parvī erant puerī whom Fastulus invēnerat.
3. Flūmen in which geminī iactī erant Palātium tetigit.
4. Casa ad which pāstor līberōs portābat erat proxima rīpae Tiberis.
5. Posteā in Palātiō erant domicilia magna in which clārī virī habitābant.
6. Casae which pāstōrēs aedificāverant nōn erant magnae.
7. Pāstor with whom Rōmulus et Remus habitābant erat benignus.
1. This clan (nom and acc); this king (nom and acc); this river (nom and acc); these shepherds (nom and acc); these priestesses (nom and acc); these temples (nom and acc)
2. With him, to or for them, of her, of them, him (acc), them (masc acc), she, they (fem), of it, they (neuter)
II. Give the Latin for the italicized words:
1. The wolf came to them and the boys liked her.
2. The mother loved her boys, but Amulius feared her boys.
3. Her boys were thrown into the river.
4. The wolf heard their cries.
5. The boys found their grandfather and made him king.
III. Substitute Latin words for the italicized English words:
1. Arca in which puerī positī erant parva erat.
2. Parvī erant puerī whom Fastulus invēnerat.
3. Flūmen in which geminī iactī erant Palātium tetigit.
4. Casa ad which pāstor līberōs portābat erat proxima rīpae Tiberis.
5. Posteā in Palātiō erant domicilia magna in which clārī virī habitābant.
6. Casae which pāstōrēs aedificāverant nōn erant magnae.
7. Pāstor with whom Rōmulus et Remus habitābant erat benignus.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. This was the kingdom which Proca had given to Numitor.
2. But Numitor was driven out of the kingdom by his brother Amulius.
3. The priestess whom Mars loved was immediately put under arrest.
4. At that time the twins were placed in a little chest by Amulius.
5. The river was high because there had been frequent rains.
6. It had overflowed upon its banks and had touched the branches of the trees.
7. The chest was held fast at the foot of a tree.
8. A little later a wolf, whose den was near the Palatine hill, found the boys.
9. Afterwards, a shepherd found them and hurried home with them.
10. Amulius will reign no longer; the boys' grandfather will reign again in Alba Longa.
2. But Numitor was driven out of the kingdom by his brother Amulius.
3. The priestess whom Mars loved was immediately put under arrest.
4. At that time the twins were placed in a little chest by Amulius.
5. The river was high because there had been frequent rains.
6. It had overflowed upon its banks and had touched the branches of the trees.
7. The chest was held fast at the foot of a tree.
8. A little later a wolf, whose den was near the Palatine hill, found the boys.
9. Afterwards, a shepherd found them and hurried home with them.
10. Amulius will reign no longer; the boys' grandfather will reign again in Alba Longa.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 32 Relative Clause Translation Practice
Chapter 32 Pronoun Translation Practice
Chapter 32 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 32 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 32 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 32 Relative Clause Translation Practice
Chapter 32 Pronoun Translation Practice
Chapter 32 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 32 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 32 Noun Ending Chart (All)