Chapter 34 Vocabulary
ācer, ācris, ācre, spirited, keen, fierce
animal, animālis, animālium, n., animal asȳlum, -ī, n., refuge audāx, audācis, daring, bold brevis, breve, short, brief celer, celeris, celere, swift commūnis, commūne, common, general, joint conveniō, -īre, convēnī, conventūrus, to come together, gather, assemble difficilis, difficile, difficult, hard dolor, dolōris, m., grief, sorrow ēducō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to rear, train, educate factum, -ī, n., deed, act |
fīnitimus, -a, -um, neighboring
fīnitimus, -ī, m., neighbor fortis, forte, brave, strong ingenium, ingenī, n., disposition, ability; nature latrō, latrōnis, m., robber nōtus, -a, -um, renowned, well-known omnis, omne, all, every petō, -ere, petīvī/petiī, petītus, to seek, ask potēns, potentis, powerful Sabīnus, -a, -um, belonging to the Sabines Sabīnī, -ōrum, m. pl., the Sabines virgō, virginis, f., maiden, virgin vīres, vīrium, f. pl., strength |
Chapter 34 Derivatives
ācer: acetic, acrimony, exacerbate, acrylic, acrid
audāx: audacity, audacious brevis: brief, brevity, abbreviate celer: celerity, acceleration, accelerate commūnis: communal, communicate, communicator, common, communion, community convenīre: convene, convenient, covenant, convention, convent difficilis: difficult, difficulty dolor: dolorous, Dolores |
ēducāre: educate, educator, education
factum: artifact, fact fortis: forte, fortitude, fort, fortress, fortify, comfort, effort, force ingenium: ingenious, ingenuity nōtus: notoriety, notorious, notify, notice omnis: "omni-" (omnipotent, omniscient, omnivore, etc.) petere: appetite, petition, compete, competition potēns: potent, omnipotent, potential, impotent, potentate virgō: virgin, virginity |
DĒ FACTĪS FORTIBUS
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Fābulae dē Rōmae prīncipiīs erant līberīs Rōmānīs maximē acceptae. Facta clāra ācrium virōrum et fēminārum ab eīs laudābantur. Faustulus, ācer pastor, ā puerīs, Acca, ācris uxor eius, ā puellīs laudābātur. Ingenium pāstōrum erat ācre, nam multa erant perīcula. Facta pāstōris ācris et uxōris ācris sunt nōta. Fāmam ingenī ācris eōrum etiam hodiē audīmus. Ab ācrī pāstōre geminī inventī sunt et domum portātī sunt. Ab uxōre ācrī puerī ēducātī sunt. Cum pāstōribus geminī multōs annōs habitāvērunt. Eī posteā ducēs dēlectī sunt, quod adulēscentēs erant magnī ingenī. Mox multa dē ingeniō ācrī Rōmulī rēgis legemus. Līberī Rōmānī fābulās dē factīs fortium virōrum et fēminārum libenter audiēbant. Saepe patrēs eīs fābulās dē Rōmulō fortī nārrābant. Rōmulus etiam puer erat fortis. Agrōs pāstōrum custōdiēbat et saepe cum latrōnibus pugnābat. Vīrēs puerī fortis erant magnae. Multae fābulae dē Rhēā Silviā quoque nārrābantur. Ea erat fēmina fortis. filiī parvī ā mātre fortī dīligenter custōdiēbantur. Malus rēx, tamen, eōs rapuit et dolor mātris fortis erat magnus. Līberī parvī fābulam dē lupā maximē amābant. Animal forte suō ōre geminōs parvōs ā rīpā flūminis trāxit. Cotīdiē in latibulō animālis fortis puerī cūrābantur. Sed tandem Faustulus puerōs invēnit et ab animālī fortī eōs cēpit. Facta audācium virōrum et fēminārum fāmam Rōmae auxērunt. Audāx rēx, Rōmulus, fīliās Sabīnōrum rapuit; audāx factum Rōmulī est nōtum. Erat quoque virgō audāx, Tarpeia, dē quā fābula nārrātur. Magna est fāma rēgis audācis et virginis audācis. Brevī tempore fābulās nōtās dē rēge audācī et dē virgine audācī legēmus. Fābulae dē Rōmae prīncipiīs erant līberīs Rōmānīs maximē acceptae. Facta clāra ācrium virōrum et fēminārum ab eīs laudābantur. Faustulus, ācer pastor, ā puerīs, Acca, ācris uxor eius, ā puellīs laudābātur. Ingenium pāstōrum erat ācre, nam multa erant perīcula. Facta pāstōris ācris et uxōris ācris sunt nōta. Fāmam ingenī ācris eōrum etiam hodiē audīmus. Ab ācrī pāstōre geminī inventī sunt et domum portātī sunt. Ab uxōre ācrī puerī ēducātī sunt. Cum pāstōribus geminī multōs annōs habitāvērunt. Eī posteā ducēs dēlectī sunt, quod adulēscentēs erant magnī ingenī. Mox multa dē ingeniō ācrī Rōmulī rēgis legemus. Līberī Rōmānī fābulās dē factīs fortium virōrum et fēminārum libenter audiēbant. Saepe patrēs eīs fābulās dē Rōmulō fortī nārrābant. Rōmulus etiam puer erat fortis. Agrōs pāstōrum custōdiēbat et saepe cum latrōnibus pugnābat. Vīrēs puerī fortis erant magnae. Multae fābulae dē Rhēā Silviā quoque nārrābantur. Ea erat fēmina fortis. Filiī parvī ā mātre fortī dīligenter custōdiēbantur. Malus rēx, tamen, eōs rapuit et dolor mātris fortis erat magnus. Līberī parvī fābulam dē lupā maximē amābant. Animal forte suō ōre geminōs parvōs ā rīpā flūminis trāxit. Cotīdiē in latibulō animālis fortis puerī cūrābantur. Sed tandem Faustulus puerōs invēnit et ab animālī fortī eōs cēpit. Facta audācium virōrum et fēminārum fāmam Rōmae auxērunt. Audāx rēx, Rōmulus, fīliās Sabīnōrum rapuit; audāx factum Rōmulī est nōtum. Erat quoque virgō audāx, Tarpeia, dē quā fābula nārrātur. Magna est fāma rēgis audācis et virginis audācis. Brevī tempore fābulās nōtās dē rēge audācī et dē virgine audācī legēmus. |
Translation Video |
DĒ FACTĪS FORTIBUS: Responde Latine
1. Quālis erat Faustulus?
2. Quālīs erat Acca?
3. Quāle erat ingenium pastōrum?
4. Cuius facta sunt nōta?
5. Ā quō geminī inventī sunt?
6. Ā quō puerī ēducātī sunt?
7. Quālīs ingenī erant adulēscentēs?
8. Quid līberī Rōmānī libenter audiēbant?
9. Quālis puer erat Rōmulus?
10. Quis erat fēmina fortis?
11. Quāle animal puerōs ā rīpā flūminis portāvit?
12. Quōrum facta fāmam Romae auxērunt?
13. Rapuitne rēx audāx fīliās Sabinõrum?
14. Dē quō fābulās legēmus?
2. Quālīs erat Acca?
3. Quāle erat ingenium pastōrum?
4. Cuius facta sunt nōta?
5. Ā quō geminī inventī sunt?
6. Ā quō puerī ēducātī sunt?
7. Quālīs ingenī erant adulēscentēs?
8. Quid līberī Rōmānī libenter audiēbant?
9. Quālis puer erat Rōmulus?
10. Quis erat fēmina fortis?
11. Quāle animal puerōs ā rīpā flūminis portāvit?
12. Quōrum facta fāmam Romae auxērunt?
13. Rapuitne rēx audāx fīliās Sabinõrum?
14. Dē quō fābulās legēmus?
DĒ FACTĪS FORTIBUS: Discussion
- In the first paragraph of the story De Factis Fortibus, find the nominative singular forms, masculine, feminine, and neuter, of the adjective ăcer. Find the genitive singular forms for the three genders also. To what declension does ācer belong? This is an adjective of the third declension. Find the ablative singular forms for the three genders. What is the ending of the genitive plural? Like what group of nouns in the third declension is this adjective declined?
- Some adjectives of the third declension have three terminations in the nominative singular, an ending for each of the three genders; as, acer (masc.), ācris (fem.), ācre (neut.). All genders in the genitive singular have the ending "-is." The base of some of these adjectives ends in "-r", of others in "-er." The vocabulary form always shows whether the "e" is kept or not; as, ācer, ācris, ācre and celer, celeris, celere. The endings of these adjectives are the same as the endings of the i-stem nouns in the third declension. Observe that the only ending of the ablative singular is "-ī".
- In the second paragraph of the story, various cases of the adjective fortis are used. Identify the cases. What are the nominative singular endings of this adjective in the three genders? This is also an adjective of the third declension, but since its masculine and feminine endings are alike, it is called an adjective of two terminations.
- In the third paragraph of the story, forms of the adjective audāx are used. Identify the forms. What is the ending of the nominative singular in the three genders? Because the three genders have the same ending, this is called an adjective of one termination. Notice the base of this adjective. In what letter does it end? In memorizing this type of adjective, learn both nominative and genitive singular, as the base, to which the endings must be added, is formed from the genitive. In the vocabulary the second form given for such adjectives is the genitive singular.
- Adjectives of the third declension are therefore classified as adjectives of three terminations, adjectives of two terminations, and adjectives of one termination. Learn the following paradigms:
- In the second clause of the sentence Ei posteā ducēs dēlecti sunt, quod adulēscentēs erant magni ingeni, which words show what kind of young men the twins were? In what case are these words? A noun in the genitive, modified by an adjective, may describe a noun; such a genitive is called a genitive of description.
Reading Lesson: DĒ URBE NOVĀ
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Urbs nova quam Rōmulus condiderat erat parva et paucōs incolās habēbat. Sed rēx Rōmulus magnam urbem cupīvit; itaque asȳlum aperuit. Ad asȳlum hominēs omnium generum convēnērunt. Erant pāstōrēs, mercātōrēs, agricolae, nautae, servī, latrōnēs. Hominēs quī ex suīs civitātibus pulsī erant ad asȳlum properāvērunt. Sed fēminae ad asȳlum nōn vēnērunt; itaque novā in urbe fuērunt paucae fēminae. Tum Rōmulus ad gentēs quae prope habitābant nūntiōs celerēs mīsit. Cum eīs gentibus rēgnum commūne cupīvit et ab hominibus fīliās uxōrēs petīvit. Sed negōtium nūntiōrum erat difficile; ab omnibus gentibus pulsī sunt. Deinde Rōmae Rōmulus cum studiō lūdōs parāvit et Sabīnōs, fīnitimōs potentēs, ad lūdōs vocāvit. Sabīnī fābulās dē viribus Rōmānōrum audīverant. Itaque nūntium libenter accēpērunt. Cum omnibus fēminīs et līberīs Rōmam convēnērunt. Brevī tempore Rōmulus ipse signum dedit et Rōmānī lūdōs commīsērunt. Urbs nova quam Rōmulus condiderat erat parva et paucōs incolās habēbat. Sed rēx Rōmulus magnam urbem cupīvit; itaque asȳlum aperuit. Ad asȳlum hominēs omnium generum convēnērunt. Erant pāstōrēs, mercātōrēs, agricolae, nautae, servī, latrōnēs. Hominēs quī ex suīs civitātibus pulsī erant ad asȳlum properāvērunt. Sed fēminae ad asȳlum nōn vēnērunt; itaque novā in urbe fuērunt paucae fēminae. Tum Rōmulus ad gentēs quae prope habitābant nūntiōs celerēs mīsit. Cum eīs gentibus rēgnum commūne cupīvit et ab hominibus fīliās uxōrēs petīvit. Sed negōtium nūntiōrum erat difficile; ab omnibus gentibus pulsī sunt. Deinde Rōmae Rōmulus cum studiō lūdōs parāvit et Sabīnōs, fīnitimōs potentēs, ad lūdōs vocāvit. Sabīnī fābulās dē viribus Rōmānōrum audīverant. Itaque nūntium libenter accēpērunt. Cum omnibus fēminīs et līberīs Rōmam convēnērunt. Brevī tempore Rōmulus ipse signum dedit et Rōmānī lūdōs commīsērunt. |
Translation Video |
Chapter 34 Grammar Notes
Quick Recap: Noun-Adjective Agreement & 1st/2nd Declension Adjectives
So far, we have taken a close look at how adjectives pair up with nouns in Latin. Remember, we call this "Noun-Adjective Agreement." Hopefully you remember that while nouns are set in their endings, adjectives are much more fluid. The reason they have so many endings is because they have to match the GENDER of the noun they modify. There are three ways in which an adjective must "agree," or match, with the noun it's describing -- CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER. Here's a quick recap of each below:
1) CASE -- Whatever case the noun is (Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, or Vocative) the adjective will be in the same one
2) NUMBER -- Whatever number the noun is (Singular or Plural) the adjective will be the same
3) GENDER -- Whatever gender the noun is (Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter) the adjective will be the same
Once we established the idea of agreement, we learned that there is a group of adjectives that use the same endings as 1st and 2nd Declension nouns. Because of this, we call them "1st/2nd Declension" adjectives and they use the following endings:
1) CASE -- Whatever case the noun is (Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, or Vocative) the adjective will be in the same one
2) NUMBER -- Whatever number the noun is (Singular or Plural) the adjective will be the same
3) GENDER -- Whatever gender the noun is (Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter) the adjective will be the same
Once we established the idea of agreement, we learned that there is a group of adjectives that use the same endings as 1st and 2nd Declension nouns. Because of this, we call them "1st/2nd Declension" adjectives and they use the following endings:
Remember, whenever you pair an adjective with a noun, you should think of the following steps:
1) Figure out the CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER of your noun -- use the Noun Ending Chart for this!
2) Make your 1st/2nd Declension adjective match with the same CASE, NUMBER and GENDER -- use the Adjective Ending Chart for this!
*Nota bene! Your adjective will NOT always have the same ending! This happens when you have a 1st/2nd Declension Adjective describing a 3rd Declension noun. This is totally fine in Latin! A noun and adjective do NOT have to have the same Declension! The reason they won't match is because these adjectives are using 1st/2nd Declension noun endings, which are different from 3rd Declension nouns. Again, don't get too confused by this -- it takes some practice, but you always are looking for CASE, NUMBER and GENDER!
1) Figure out the CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER of your noun -- use the Noun Ending Chart for this!
2) Make your 1st/2nd Declension adjective match with the same CASE, NUMBER and GENDER -- use the Adjective Ending Chart for this!
*Nota bene! Your adjective will NOT always have the same ending! This happens when you have a 1st/2nd Declension Adjective describing a 3rd Declension noun. This is totally fine in Latin! A noun and adjective do NOT have to have the same Declension! The reason they won't match is because these adjectives are using 1st/2nd Declension noun endings, which are different from 3rd Declension nouns. Again, don't get too confused by this -- it takes some practice, but you always are looking for CASE, NUMBER and GENDER!
3rd Declension Adjectives
Now, we are going to add one more group of adjectives to our chart. This group uses endings that are similar to 3rd Declension nouns, so we call them "3rd Declension Adjectives." They function in the exact same way as the 1st/2nd Declension adjectives we have already seen and used -- the only difference is that they have different endings! The same rules apply, though -- they need to match their noun in CASE, NUMBER, and GENDER.
Here is the chart for 3rd Declension Adjectives:
Here is the chart for 3rd Declension Adjectives:
There are a few things to note about 3rd Declension Adjectives:
1) Most 3rd Declension Adjectives have the same endings in the Masculine and Feminine forms
2) The Ablative Singular form is "-ī," which is different from our 3rd Declension nouns ("-e")
3) The Genitive Plural form is "-ium," which is different from our 3rd Declension nouns ('-um")
4) The Nominative and Accusative Plural forms for Neuter 3rd Declension Adjectives is "-ia," which is different from our 3rd Declension nouns ("-a")
5) You can always recognize a 3rd Declension Adjective by its "-is, -is, -e" endings (ex. "brevis, -is, -e")
The 3rd Declension Adjectives we learned in this chapter are:
ācer, ācris, ācre, spirited, keen, fierce
audāx, audācis, daring, bold
brevis, breve, short, brief
celer, celeris, celere, swift
commūnis, commūne, common, general, joint
difficilis, difficile, difficult, hard
fortis, forte, brave, strong
omnis, omne, all, every
potēns, potentis, powerful
1) Most 3rd Declension Adjectives have the same endings in the Masculine and Feminine forms
2) The Ablative Singular form is "-ī," which is different from our 3rd Declension nouns ("-e")
3) The Genitive Plural form is "-ium," which is different from our 3rd Declension nouns ('-um")
4) The Nominative and Accusative Plural forms for Neuter 3rd Declension Adjectives is "-ia," which is different from our 3rd Declension nouns ("-a")
5) You can always recognize a 3rd Declension Adjective by its "-is, -is, -e" endings (ex. "brevis, -is, -e")
The 3rd Declension Adjectives we learned in this chapter are:
ācer, ācris, ācre, spirited, keen, fierce
audāx, audācis, daring, bold
brevis, breve, short, brief
celer, celeris, celere, swift
commūnis, commūne, common, general, joint
difficilis, difficile, difficult, hard
fortis, forte, brave, strong
omnis, omne, all, every
potēns, potentis, powerful
Chapter 34 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Decline the Latin phrases for the following: difficult route, swift robber, a bold Sabine, common city, my word.
II. Express the following phrases in Latin: of all the inhabitants, to or for the daring boys, of this brave young man, with the swift messengers, by the eager shepherd, brief stories (acc.), noted soldier (nom.), quick animals (acc.), great grief (nom.), daring deeds (nom.) these birds (acc.)
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Brev___ fābulae discipulōs dēlectant.
2. Negōtia nūntiōrum sunt difficil___.
3. Puerī equōs celer___ laudant.
4. Lūdī ā rēge pōtent___ parātī sunt.
5. Cīvēs in rēgnō commun___ habitābant.
II. Express the following phrases in Latin: of all the inhabitants, to or for the daring boys, of this brave young man, with the swift messengers, by the eager shepherd, brief stories (acc.), noted soldier (nom.), quick animals (acc.), great grief (nom.), daring deeds (nom.) these birds (acc.)
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Brev___ fābulae discipulōs dēlectant.
2. Negōtia nūntiōrum sunt difficil___.
3. Puerī equōs celer___ laudant.
4. Lūdī ā rēge pōtent___ parātī sunt.
5. Cīvēs in rēgnō commun___ habitābant.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. The mother's grief was great because her little sons had been stolen.
2. The twins were saved by the quick animal who had found them on the bank of the river.
3. The spirited wife, to whom the shepherd had carried the boys, trained them with great diligence.
4. Many difficult deeds had been performed.
5. In this way the young men had increased the fame of Rome among the powerful neighbors.
6. The neighbors themselves were not seeking a joint kingdom.
7. For they feared the refuge in which there were daring robbers.
8. Romulus, a man of great ability, had prepared games and had invited (called) the Sabines.
9. The spectators have assembled and the Romans will begin the games in a short time.
10. All the Sabine maidens are praising the strength of the brave Romans.
2. The twins were saved by the quick animal who had found them on the bank of the river.
3. The spirited wife, to whom the shepherd had carried the boys, trained them with great diligence.
4. Many difficult deeds had been performed.
5. In this way the young men had increased the fame of Rome among the powerful neighbors.
6. The neighbors themselves were not seeking a joint kingdom.
7. For they feared the refuge in which there were daring robbers.
8. Romulus, a man of great ability, had prepared games and had invited (called) the Sabines.
9. The spectators have assembled and the Romans will begin the games in a short time.
10. All the Sabine maidens are praising the strength of the brave Romans.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 34 Noun-Adjective Agreement Practice (1st/2nd and 3rd Declension Adjectives)
Chapter 34 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 34 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 34 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 34 Noun-Adjective Agreement Practice (1st/2nd and 3rd Declension Adjectives)
Chapter 34 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 34 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 34 Noun Ending Chart (All)