Chapter 35 Vocabulary
aureus, -a, -um, golden
Capitōlium, Capitōlī, n., the Capitoline Hill in Rome clam, secretly cōgitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to consider, weigh, think cupiditās, cupiditātis, f., longing, desire frūstrā, in vain incitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to urge, incite, arouse īnsidiae, -ārum, f., ambuscade, plot, wiles intermittō, -ere, intermissī, intermissus, to leave off, stop moveō, -ēre, mōvī, mōtus, to move, disturb mūnītiō, mūnītiōnis, f., fortification, rampart nihil, nothing nōbilis, -e, renowned, noble nōn sōlum . . . sed eitam, not only . . . but also |
opprimō, -ere, oppressī, oppressus, to weigh down, overwhelm, oppress
ōrnāmentum, -ī, n., ornament, decoration; equipment, trappings ōrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to plead, pray, beg postulō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to demand, request salūs, salūtis, f., safety significō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to express, indicate, point out; signify surgō, -ere, surrēxī, surrēctūrus, to rise, stand up timor, timōris, m., fear tribuō, -ere, tribuī, tribūtus, to assign, attribute turris, turris, turrium, f., tower undique, on all sides, from all parts consilium capere, to form a plan (idiom) |
- The verbs peto and postulo take the accusative of the thing asked for and ab with the ablative of the person asked:
- Ā Romulo lībertātem postulāvērunt They demanded their liberty from Romulus
- The verbs rogo and oro usually take the accusative for both the person and the thing asked
Chapter 35 Derivatives
cōgitāre: cogitate, cogitation
cupiditās: cupidity frūstrā: frustrate, frustration incitāre: incite īnsidiae: insidious intermittere: intermission, intermittent movēre: motive, motion, emotion, movement, motor, promote, commotion, mobile, move mūnītiō: munition, ammunition nōbilis: noble, nobility |
opprimere: oppression, oppressive, oppressor, oppress
ōrnāmentum: ornament, ornamental ōrāre: orate, orator, oration, oratory, oracle postulāre: postulate salūs: salubrious significāre: significance, significant, signify surgere: resurgent, sortie, insurgent, surge timor: timorous tribuere: attribute, contribute, distribute, tribute turris: turret |
DĒ FĪLIĀBUS SABĪNŌRUM
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Rōmulus, rēgnī cupiditāte adductus (influenced), nūntiōs ad gentēs proximās mīserat. Sed eae gentēs timōre adductae nūntiōs benignē nōn accēperant. Omnēs fīnitimī nūntiōs ā Rōmulō missōs pepulerant. Itaque nova consilia capta sunt. Is Rōmae lūdōs parāvit et Sabīnōs ad eōs vocāvit. Sabīnī nūntium ā Rōmulō missum accēpērunt et eum libenter audīvērunt. Tum Sabīnī Rōmam ventūrī uxōrēs et līberōs convocāvērunt. Fēminae domicilia relictūrae multa fēcērunt. Tandem omnia ad iter parāta erant. Sabīnī cum fēminīs et līberīs Romam intrāvērunt. Rōmulus eōs cernēns (seeing) et eōrum clāmōrēs audiēns gaudiō mōtus est. Tandem erat magnus numerus fēminārum in urbe! Rōmulus apud nōbilēs Rōmānōs sedēns et multa cōgitāns cum gaudiō certāmina spectāvit. Sabīnī quoque prope sendentēs et lūdōs spectantēs gaudiō mōtī sunt. Rōmānī spectābant ōs Rōmulī cernentis gaudium Sabīnōrum et audientis clāmōrēs spectātōrum. Os Rōmulī apud nōbilēs Rōmānōs sedentis et multa cōgitantis nihil significābat. Quid est? Cūr Rōmulus surgit? Daturne signum ā Rōmulō stante? Signum datur. Rōmānī lūdōs intermittunt et fīliās Sabīnōrum rapiunt. Clāmōrēs patrum fīliās pententium undique audiuntur. Eās frūstrā petunt. Virginēs in casās ā Rōmānīs rapiuntur. Sīc fēminae ab audācī Rōmulō Rōmam ductae sunt. Rōmulus, rēgnī cupiditāte adductus (influenced), nūntiōs ad gentēs proximās mīserat. Sed eae gentēs timōre adductae nūntiōs benignē nōn accēperant. Omnēs fīnitimī nūntiōs ā Rōmulō missōs pepulerant. Itaque nova consilia capta sunt. Is Rōmae lūdōs parāvit et Sabīnōs ad eōs vocāvit. Sabīnī nūntium ā Rōmulō missum accēpērunt et eum libenter audīvērunt. Tum Sabīnī Rōmam ventūrī uxōrēs et līberōs convocāvērunt. Fēminae domicilia relictūrae multa fēcērunt. Tandem omnia ad iter parāta erant. Sabīnī cum fēminīs et līberīs Romam intrāvērunt. Rōmulus eōs cernēns (seeing) et eōrum clāmōrēs audiēns gaudiō mōtus est. Tandem erat magnus numerus fēminārum in urbe! Rōmulus apud nōbilēs Rōmānōs sedēns et multa cōgitāns cum gaudiō certāmina spectāvit. Sabīnī quoque prope sendentēs et lūdōs spectantēs gaudiō mōtī sunt. Rōmānī spectābant ōs Rōmulī cernentis gaudium Sabīnōrum et audientis clāmōrēs spectātōrum. Os Rōmulī apud nōbilēs Rōmānōs sedentis et multa cōgitantis nihil significābat. Quid est? Cūr Rōmulus surgit? Daturne signum ā Rōmulō stante? Signum datur. Rōmānī lūdōs intermittunt et fīliās Sabīnōrum rapiunt. Clāmōrēs patrum fīliās pententium undique audiuntur. Eās frūstrā petunt. Virginēs in casās ā Rōmānīs rapiuntur. Sīc fēminae ab audācī Rōmulō Rōmam ductae sunt. |
Translation Video |
DĒ FĪLIĀBUS SABĪNŌRUM: Discussion
- In the expression Romulus rēgni cupiditāte adductus, what word does adductus modify? What is the gender, number, and case of adductus? In the expression Sed eae gentēs timore adductae, what word does adductae modify? What is the gender, number, and case of adductae? What does adductus tell about Romulus? What does adductae tell about gentēs? Was Romulus influenced before or after he had sent the messengers? Why had the tribes not received the messengers?
- The forms adductus and adductae describe their nouns and refer to actions finished before the time of the main verb. Do you recognize the form adductus as the fourth principal part of the verb adduco? Certain forms of the verb are called participles because they have partly the function of a verb and partly that of an adjective. The fourth principal part is called, specifically, the perfect passive participle, or, commonly, the perfect participle. Grammatically the perfect passive participle is an adjective of the first and second declension. As an adjective it must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. It always represents an action as finished before the time of the main verb. The literal translation of adductus is having been induced; of missos, having been sent. Often, however, the shorter translation, in the form induced or sent, is appropriate. Find the remaining perfect participles in the first paragraph of the story.
- In the sentence Tum Sabīni Romam ventūrī uxõrēs et līberos convocāvērunt, what word does ventūri modify? What is the gender, number, and case of ventūrī? What were the Sabines about to do? Is the form venturi built from the present stem, the perfect stem, or the participial stem of the verb venio? The participial stem is found by dropping the "-us" ending from the perfect passive participle. The future active participle is formed by adding the letters "-ūrus, -a, -um" to the participial stem, and it is declined like an adjective of the first and second declension. It refers to an action in the active voice which will occur after the time of the main verb. There is no form of the English verb corresponding to ventūrus, though it is often conventionally translated about to come as the most convenient way of expressing the idea. So also portātūrus, about to carry. Find another future active participle in the first paragraph.
- In the sentence Romulus eos cernēns et eorum clāmõrēs audiēns gaudio motus est, the words cernēns and audiēns describe the noun Romulus by telling what he is doing. Likewise in the sentence Romulus apud nobilēs Romānās sedēns et multa cogitāns cum gaudio certāmina spectāvit the words sedēns and cogitāns describe Romulus by telling what he is doing. The conventional translation of cernēns, audiēns, sedēns, cogitāns, is in the form seeing, hearing, sitting, thinking. Does the action in these participles occur at the same time as that of the main verb, or before it, or after it?
- To what conjugation does cernēns belong? audiēns? sedēns? cogitāns? What stem is used in making these participles? The present active participle in all conjugations ends in "-ns", which in the first and second conjugations is added directly to the present stem: côgitāns, sedēns. In the third, the stem vowel of the present is lengthened before "-ns": cernēns, and the "io" third and the fourth have "-ie-" before the ending "-ns"; as, fugiēns.
- Since the forms cernēns, audiēns, sedēns, and cogitāns modify Romulus, what must their gender, number, and case be? Find the genitive singular forms of these participles in the story. What ending is found on all these forms? To what declension must these participles belong? Memorize the base carefully. The present active participle is an adjective of one termination in the third declension. Observe that the ablative singular ending is either "-e" or "-i". There are several other present participles in the second paragraph of the story. Identify the conjugation, case, gender, and number, of each participle.
- The literal translation of a participle is often unsuitable in the English sentence. Therefore the perfect passive participle is sometimes translated by a clause introduced by when or after, and the present participle is often translated by a clause introduced by while. A relative clause is often used for either of these participles. While you are first learning about participles, you may find it convenient to use the literal translations; but you should always try to see the real meaning of the participle, and to express that meaning in idiomatic English.
Reading Lesson: DĒ TARPEIĀ
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Sabīnī īnsidiīs Rōmulī incitātī Rōmā fūgērunt. Raptae virginēs quoque erant īrātae et lībertātem Rōmulum ōrāvērunt. Sed Rōmulus eīs lībertātem nōn dedit. Mox lēgātī ā patribus Sabīnīs ad Rōmulum missī sunt. Rōmulus eōs domum mīsit. Tum bellum longum et āçre inter Rōmānōs et Sabīnōs gestum est. Multōs annōs gentēs pugnābant. Multa proelia extrā mūrōs urbis facta sunt. Tandem Tatius, quī erat potēns rēx Sabīnōrum, multōs mīlitēs coēgit et Rōmam iter fēcit. Rōmānī Capitōlium mūnīverant. Tarpeiō prīncipī Rōmānō salūs urbis tribūta erat. Eius fīlia, virgō audāx, erat Tarpeia. Ea in turrī stāns ōrnāmenta aurea in sinistrīs Sabīnōrum vīdit. Tarpeia armillās (bracelets) aureās amāvit et ōrnāmentōrum cupida mūnītiōnēs clam relīquit. Ad ducem Sabīnōrum cucurrit. “Sī mihi dabis ea quae mīlitēs tuī in sinistrīs gerunt (wear/carry), nocte portam urbis aperiam et mīlitēs tuōs in urbem dūcam.” Tatius mūrōs oppugnātūrus cum gaudiō eam audīvit. Celeriter Tarpeia intrā mūrōs urbis revēnit. Mediā nocte ipsa portam aperuit. Tatius prīmus in Tarpeiam ōrnāmenta postulantem nōn sōlum armillās sed etiam scūtum iēcit. Eius mīlitēs quoque ōrnāmenta et scuta iēcērunt. Nam Sabinī in sinistrīs et ōrnāmenta et scūta gessērunt. Tarpeia scūtīs oppressa cecidit. Ab illō tempore eī quī patriam trādiderant dē Capitōliō dēiectī sunt. Ea pars Capitōlī appellātur Mōns Tarpeius. Sabīnī īnsidiīs Rōmulī incitātī Rōmā fūgērunt. Raptae virginēs quoque erant īrātae et lībertātem Rōmulum ōrāvērunt. Sed Rōmulus eīs lībertātem nōn dedit. Mox lēgātī ā patribus Sabīnīs ad Rōmulum missī sunt. Rōmulus eōs domum mīsit. Tum bellum longum et ācre inter Rōmānōs et Sabīnōs gestum est. Multōs annōs gentēs pugnābant. Multa proelia extrā mūrōs urbis facta sunt. Tandem Tatius, quī erat potēns rēx Sabīnōrum, multōs mīlitēs coēgit et Rōmam iter fēcit. Rōmānī Capitōlium mūnīverant. Tarpeiō prīncipī Rōmānō salūs urbis tribūta erat. Eius fīlia, virgō audāx, erat Tarpeia. Ea in turrī stāns ōrnāmenta aurea in sinistrīs Sabīnōrum vīdit. Tarpeia armillās (bracelets) aureās amāvit et ōrnāmentōrum cupida mūnītiōnēs clam relīquit. Ad ducem Sabīnōrum cucurrit. “Sī mihi dabis ea quae mīlitēs tuī in sinistrīs gerunt (wear/carry), nocte portam urbis aperiam et mīlitēs tuōs in urbem dūcam.” Tatius mūrōs oppugnātūrus cum gaudiō eam audīvit. Celeriter Tarpeia intrā mūrōs urbis revēnit. Mediā nocte ipsa portam aperuit. Tatius prīmus in Tarpeiam ōrnāmenta postulantem nōn sōlum armillās sed etiam scūtum iēcit. Eius mīlitēs quoque ōrnāmenta et scuta iēcērunt. Nam Sabinī in sinistrīs et ōrnāmenta et scūta gessērunt. Tarpeia scūtīs oppressa cecidit. Ab illō tempore eī quī patriam trādiderant dē Capitōliō dēiectī sunt. Ea pars Capitōlī appellātur Mōns Tarpeius. |
Translation Video |
Chapter 35 Grammar Notes
Participles
What is a Participle?
In this chapter, we are going to explore the Perfect Passive Participle. To start, we need to answer the question "what is a 'participle'"? In short, a participle is the form of a verb that is part verb and part adjective -- we something call them "verbal adjectives" for this reason. While that might sound complicated, it's actually something we use in English, too. Think about this sentence:
The closed door cannot be opened.
Look at the word "closed" -- it's describing the noun "door," right? So in this way, the word "closed" is functioning as an adjective. But it is a form of a verb, "to close," so how is it an adjective? That's the idea of participles -- they are forms of verbs that function like adjectives. In other words, they are verbs describing nouns.
Perfect Passive Participles
Remember that Latin verbs are always listed with four parts. The first part is the 1st Person Singular in the Present Tense. The second part is the Infinitive. The third part is the 1st Person Singular in the Perfect Tense. The fourth part is the Perfect Passive Participle (PPP). Like the name implies, the PPP is always PASSIVE in meaning! Since it is an adjective, it has the 1st/2nd Declension Adjective endings to represent its Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter forms: -us, -a, -um. This should sound familiar, since we just used PPPs in Ch. 32 to create the Passive Voice of the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Tense. Unlike in Ch. 32, however, when the PPP was always NOMINATIVE, when a PPP stands on its own it can be ANY CASE! So make sure you are paying attention and matching it to the noun it describes.
Take a look at the LatinTutorial video below to get a better sense of the PPP and how it works...
Take a look at the LatinTutorial video below to get a better sense of the PPP and how it works...
Translating the Perfect Passive Participle
When the Perfect Passive Participle is used, there are several ways to translate it. The best translation will always depend on the context of the sentence and what gives the best possible meaning. For example, take a look at the sentence below:
Coquus vocātus ab omnibus laudātus est.
There are a few ways we can translate that sentence:
1) The cook, having been summoned, was praised by everyone.
2) The cook, after being summoned, was praised by everyone.
3) The cook, when summoned, was praised by everyone.
4) The cook, who had been summoned, was praised by everyone.
No matter which translation you pick (and "having been..." is a pretty standard one to use), the main point is about timing. The Perfect Passive Participle indicates an action that happened BEFORE the main verb of the sentence! So in our example, first the cook was called then he was praised.
1) The cook, having been summoned, was praised by everyone.
2) The cook, after being summoned, was praised by everyone.
3) The cook, when summoned, was praised by everyone.
4) The cook, who had been summoned, was praised by everyone.
No matter which translation you pick (and "having been..." is a pretty standard one to use), the main point is about timing. The Perfect Passive Participle indicates an action that happened BEFORE the main verb of the sentence! So in our example, first the cook was called then he was praised.
Present Participles
Remember, "participles" are VERBAL ADJECTIVES, meaning they are adjectives that come from verbs. In English, there are two participles -- the present participle and the past participle. In Latin, there are three (present, past, and future). In English, participles are easier to spot because they always end in "-ing".
In Latin, the present participle is known as the "Present Active Participle" because it is always active in meaning. As we mentioned above, it is a verbal adjective, meaning that it is used to describe nouns.
For example:
In Latin, the present participle is known as the "Present Active Participle" because it is always active in meaning. As we mentioned above, it is a verbal adjective, meaning that it is used to describe nouns.
For example:
Cornēliam et Flāviam clāmantēs audīvimus. (We heard Cornelia and Flavia shouting)
In that example, "clāmantēs" is an adjective describing Cornelia and Flavia. But it comes from the verb "clamare" (to shout). This may seem odd at first, but we do the same thing in English, too.
Because participles are VERBAL adjectives, they can have some interesting uses. For instance, they can be modified by the Ablative Case:
Because participles are VERBAL adjectives, they can have some interesting uses. For instance, they can be modified by the Ablative Case:
Cornēliam et Flāviam magnā vōce clāmantēs audīvimus. (We heard Cornelia and Flavia shouting in a loud voice).
In the example above, "magnā vōce clāmantēs" is forming a "participial phrase" describing Cornelia and Flavia.
Participles can also take direct objects (Accusative case):
Participles can also take direct objects (Accusative case):
Lupum ingentem puellās petentem cōnspeximus.(We caught sight of a huge wolf attacking the girls)
In the example above, "puellas" is the direct object of "petentem" and together they form a participial phrase modifying the huge wolf.
Forming Present Participles
The Present Active Participle is formed by taking the Present Stem of the verb (the Infinitive without the "-re") and adding "-ns" for the Nominative Singular and "-ntis" for the Gentive Singular. For the rest of the cases, you use 3rd Declension Adjective endings. To form them, take the Genitive Singular, drop the "-is" and add your ending. One trick to remember is that "-nt-" in Latin = "-ing" in English. Here are a few examples:
1st Conjugation: cantāre (to sing) cantāns, cantantis, singing
2nd Conjugation: docēre (to teach) docēns, docentis, teaching
3rd Conjugation: mittere (to send) mittēns, mittentis, sending
3rd-io: capere (to take) capiēns, capientis, taking
4th Conjugation: audīre (to hear) audiēns, audientis, hearing
Take a look at the chart below to see the endings for Present Participles:
1st Conjugation: cantāre (to sing) cantāns, cantantis, singing
2nd Conjugation: docēre (to teach) docēns, docentis, teaching
3rd Conjugation: mittere (to send) mittēns, mittentis, sending
3rd-io: capere (to take) capiēns, capientis, taking
4th Conjugation: audīre (to hear) audiēns, audientis, hearing
Take a look at the chart below to see the endings for Present Participles:
A Few Quick Notes:
- The vowel in front of the "-ns" is always LONG
- The vowel in front of the "-nt-" is always SHORT
- When the participle is used as a simple adjective, the Ablative Singular ends in "-ī" which is normal for 3rd Declension Adjectives
- Ex. "Eucleīdēs ā praedōne currentī percussus est" (Eucleides was struck by the running robber)
- When the participle is used as a verbal adjective or substantive, the Ablative Singular ends in "-e" like a 3rd Declension Noun
- Ex. "Eucleīdēs ā praedōne celerrimē currente percussus est." (Eucleides was struck by the robber, who was running very quickly)
- Ex. "Aqua ab adstante ad incendium portāta est" (The water was carried by the bystander to the fire)
- The Present Participle of the verb "ire" (and compound verbs derived from it) is "iēns, ientis"
- There is no Present Participle for the verb "sum, esse" (to be)
Using Present Participles
In Latin, the Present Active Participle can only be used as an adjective. But, there are two ways it can be used:
1) as a descriptive adjective
Thēsēus erat hērōs audēns
Theseus was a daring hero. ("daring" is describing "hero" -- both are Nominative Singular Masculine)
Thēseus rēgiam cōnflagrantem vīdit.
Theseus saw the burning palace. ("burning" is describing "palace" -- both are Accusative Singular Feminine)
2) as an adjective introducing a participial phrase
Thēseus Mīnōtaurum vidēns nōn timēbat.
Theseus, seeing the Minotaur, was not afraid. ("seeing" is describing "Theseus" -- both are Nom. Sing. Masc.)
Nēmō Thēsēum Mīnōtaurum necantem vīdit.
Nobody saw Theseus killing the Minotaur. ("killing" is describing "Theseus" -- both are Acc. Sg. Masc.)
1) as a descriptive adjective
Thēsēus erat hērōs audēns
Theseus was a daring hero. ("daring" is describing "hero" -- both are Nominative Singular Masculine)
Thēseus rēgiam cōnflagrantem vīdit.
Theseus saw the burning palace. ("burning" is describing "palace" -- both are Accusative Singular Feminine)
2) as an adjective introducing a participial phrase
Thēseus Mīnōtaurum vidēns nōn timēbat.
Theseus, seeing the Minotaur, was not afraid. ("seeing" is describing "Theseus" -- both are Nom. Sing. Masc.)
Nēmō Thēsēum Mīnōtaurum necantem vīdit.
Nobody saw Theseus killing the Minotaur. ("killing" is describing "Theseus" -- both are Acc. Sg. Masc.)
Timing of the Present Active Participle
The Present Participle is used to show an action that is going on AT THE SAME TIME as the action of the main verb in the clause. So, the way we translate the participle depends on the tense of the main verb:
Main Verb Present, Participle Present
Puellās clāmantēs audīmus.
We hear the girls shouting.
We hear the girls who are shouting.
Main Verb Perfect, Participle Perfect
Puellās clāmantēs audīvimus.
We heard the girls shouting.
We heard the girls who were shouting.
As you see in the examples above, Present Participles can sometimes be translated best as relative clauses (the 2nd translation in the examples above). Other times they are best translated as phrases introduced by subordinate conjunctions:
Puerī currentēs dēfessī fīunt.
The boys when/while running become tired.
The boys, because/since they are running, become tired.
Puerī currentēs dēfessī tamen non fīunt.
The boys although they are running, nevertheless do not become tired.
Main Verb Present, Participle Present
Puellās clāmantēs audīmus.
We hear the girls shouting.
We hear the girls who are shouting.
Main Verb Perfect, Participle Perfect
Puellās clāmantēs audīvimus.
We heard the girls shouting.
We heard the girls who were shouting.
As you see in the examples above, Present Participles can sometimes be translated best as relative clauses (the 2nd translation in the examples above). Other times they are best translated as phrases introduced by subordinate conjunctions:
Puerī currentēs dēfessī fīunt.
The boys when/while running become tired.
The boys, because/since they are running, become tired.
Puerī currentēs dēfessī tamen non fīunt.
The boys although they are running, nevertheless do not become tired.
Remember, we've seen two different types of participles at this point: the Present Active Participle and the Perfect Passive Participle. The key difference in their use is the TIMING of the action:
Present Active Participle = an action happening AT THE SAME TIME as the main verb
ex. "Femina clamans eum vidit. The shouting woman saw him.
Perfect Passive Participle = an action happening BEFORE the main verb
ex. "Femina territa clamavit. The woman, having been frightened, shouted.
Present Active Participle = an action happening AT THE SAME TIME as the main verb
ex. "Femina clamans eum vidit. The shouting woman saw him.
Perfect Passive Participle = an action happening BEFORE the main verb
ex. "Femina territa clamavit. The woman, having been frightened, shouted.
Future Active Participles
At this point, we have seen a variety of participles (verbal adjectives). We started with the Perfect Passive Participle, then the Present Active Participle. Now, we are going to take a look at the Future Active Participle. This participle you've actually seen quite often in vocabulary lists as the 4th principal part of intransitive verbs (ex. "veniō, venire, vēnī, ventūrus, to come"). Notice how the 4th PP ends in "-urus"? That is the Future Active Participle. In this chapter, we will explore the Future Active Participle and how it is used! To start, let's take a look at the Latin Tutorial video below...
Forming the Future Active Participle
Transitive Verbs form the Future Active Participle by adding "-urus, -a, -um" to the Perfect Passive Participle stem (ex. "portatus" --> "portaturus"
Uses of the Future Active Participle
The Future Participle was rarely used on its own to agree with a noun. When it was used, though, it often expressed the following:
- Likelihood or certainty ("likely to...", "going to...", "about to...")
- Purpose, intention or readiness ("intending to...", "determined to..."
Participle Review
Chapter 35 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give the conventional translations of the following participles: surgēns, tribūtus, petītus, incitātūrus, cōgitātūrus, movēns, oppressus, postulāns.
II. Give the Latin for the following English participles: surrendering, about to oppress, demanding, having been seen, receiving, having been killed, interrupting, having been indicated, hearing, about to run.
III. Give the participles present future and perfect the following verbs with the English translations: interficiō, petō, cōgitō, prohibeō, mūniō.
IV. Decline the Latin phrases for the following: a loving mother, the fortified hill, the aroused king, the pleading girl
II. Give the Latin for the following English participles: surrendering, about to oppress, demanding, having been seen, receiving, having been killed, interrupting, having been indicated, hearing, about to run.
III. Give the participles present future and perfect the following verbs with the English translations: interficiō, petō, cōgitō, prohibeō, mūniō.
IV. Decline the Latin phrases for the following: a loving mother, the fortified hill, the aroused king, the pleading girl
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. The noble Romulus was not moved by fear he was considering a daring plot.
2. If he stands up (will have stood up) the Romans will stop the games.
3. The stolen maidens are being held in the new city.
4.. The envoys sent by their fathers were not heeded (heard) by Romulus.
5. The pleading maidens sought their liberty in vain.
6. The safety of the city had been assigned to Tarpeia's father.
7. But Tarpeia, aroused by a longing for the golden ornaments, betrayed not only her father but also her country.
8. She ran from the tower and secretly left the fortifications.
9. The face of the Sabine leader had indicated nothing.
10. The maiden demanding her rewards was weighed down on all sides by the shields.
2. If he stands up (will have stood up) the Romans will stop the games.
3. The stolen maidens are being held in the new city.
4.. The envoys sent by their fathers were not heeded (heard) by Romulus.
5. The pleading maidens sought their liberty in vain.
6. The safety of the city had been assigned to Tarpeia's father.
7. But Tarpeia, aroused by a longing for the golden ornaments, betrayed not only her father but also her country.
8. She ran from the tower and secretly left the fortifications.
9. The face of the Sabine leader had indicated nothing.
10. The maiden demanding her rewards was weighed down on all sides by the shields.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 35 Participle Form Practice (Present Active, Perfect Passive, Future Active)
Chapter 35 Sentence Translation (Participles)
Chapter 35 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 35 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 35 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 35 Participle Form Practice (Present Active, Perfect Passive, Future Active)
Chapter 35 Sentence Translation (Participles)
Chapter 35 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 35 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 35 Noun Ending Chart (All)