Chapter 38 Vocabulary
cēterī, -ae, -a, the rest of; the others
comes, comitis, m., companion, comrade commoveō, -ēre, commōvī, commōtus, to stir up, move deeply, alarm cūnctus, -a, -um, all, entire, the whole (of) dēcurrō, -ere, dēcurrī/dēcucurrī, dēcursūrus, to run down, run dēfendō, -ere, dēfendī, dēfensus, to defend, guard dēsiliō, -īre, dēsiluī, dēsultus, to leap down extrēmus pōns, the end of the bridge (idiom) ferrum, -ī, n., iron; sword |
fragor, fragoris, m., crashing, noise
impedītus, -a, -um, burderned, hindered īnfimus, -a, -um, lowest īnfimus mōns, the bottom of the mountain (idiom) līberō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to set free, free, liberate magis, more multō, much rūpēs, rūpis, rūpium, f., cliff, rock servitūs, servitūtis, f., slavery, servitude summus mōns, the top of the mountain (idiom) tūtus, -a, -um, safe, secure, out of danger |
Chapter 38 Derivatives
commovēre: commotion
dēfendere: defend, defensible, defensive, defense ferrum: ferrous |
līberāre: liberator, liberate, liberation
servitūs: servitude tūtus: tutor |
DĒ HORĀTIŌ II
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Horātius Coclēs cum aliīs mīlitibus Rōmānīs pontem dēfendēbat. Subitō cōpiās Porsenae īnfimum ad montem dēcurrentēs vīdērunt. Itaque magnō terrōre commōtī aliī in aliam partem fugiēbant. Tum Horātius clāmāvit: “Quā dē causā, Rōmānī, fugitis? Timētisne mortem? Cōpiae Etrūscōrum sunt magnae; sunt multīs mīlibus mīlitum maiōrēs quam nostrae cōpiae; sed virtūs Rōmāna est maxima et semper omnia vincet. Sī mīlitēs malī Porsenae pontem tenuerint, cīvēs Rōmānōs in servitūtem dabunt. Estne mors servitute peior? Cīvibus Rōmānīs vērō, servitūs est longē pessimum malum. Rōmānī numquam servī erunt. Hic minimus pōns sōlus coniugēs lībērōs nostrōs dēfendit. Nōnne nōs igitur hōc ponte Etrūscōs prohibēbimus? Nōnne nostrās coniugēs līberōsque ab hostibus līberābimus? Sī ferrō īgnīque pontem vōs dēlēbitis, ego sōlus in extrēmō ponte stāns hostēs prohibēbō. Acerrimae cōpiae Etrūscōrum hunc pontem nōn tenēbunt!” Haec dīxit et extrēmum ad pontem cucurrit. Herminius et Lartius, duo mīlitēs optimī, ad Horātium properāvērunt. Hī trēs erant multō audāciōrēs cūnctīs Etrūscīs et eōs ā ponte prohibēbant. Cēterī Rōmānī maximō cum studiō pontem dēlēbant. Mox Horātius Herminiō et Lartiō clāmāvit, “Pontem relinquite, meī comitēs. Ad cēterōs Rōmānōs properāte. Ego sōlus in ponte manēbō!” Eī Horātium relīquērunt, et ad terram firmam cucurrērunt. Tum hostēs clāmāntēs tēla in Horātium mīsērunt, sed Horātius, rūpī simillimus, scūtō tēla eōrum accipiēbat. Tandem pōns magnō fragōre in flūmen cecidit. Horātius deum flūminis invocāns impedītus in flūmen dēsiluit, et ad terram tūtus vēnit. Sīc Horātius magnum et bonum factum ēgit. Nūllus mīles umquam erat Horātiō maior; nūllus mīles umquam erat Horātiō melior. Etiam hodiē hominēs fābulam dē maximā et optimā virtute Horātī nārrant. Horātius Coclēs cum aliīs mīlitibus Rōmānīs pontem dēfendēbat. Subitō cōpiās Porsenae īnfimum ad montem dēcurrentēs vīdērunt. Itaque magnō terrōre commōtī aliī in aliam partem fugiēbant. Tum Horātius clāmāvit: “Quā dē causā, Rōmānī, fugitis? Timētisne mortem? Cōpiae Etrūscōrum sunt magnae; sunt multīs mīlibus mīlitum maiōrēs quam nostrae cōpiae; sed virtūs Rōmāna est maxima et semper omnia vincet. Sī mīlitēs malī Porsenae pontem tenuerint, cīvēs Rōmānōs in servitūtem dabunt. Estne mors servitute peior? Cīvibus Rōmānīs vērō, servitūs est longē pessimum malum. Rōmānī numquam servī erunt. Hic minimus pōns sōlus coniugēs lībērōs nostrōs dēfendit. Nōnne nōs igitur hōc ponte Etrūscōs prohibēbimus? Nōnne nostrās coniugēs līberōsque ab hostibus līberābimus? Sī ferrō īgnīque pontem vōs dēlēbitis, ego sōlus in extrēmō ponte stāns hostēs prohibēbō. Acerrimae cōpiae Etrūscōrum hunc pontem nōn tenēbunt!” Haec dīxit et extrēmum ad pontem cucurrit. Herminius et Lartius, duo mīlitēs optimī, ad Horātium properāvērunt. Hī trēs erant multō audāciōrēs cūnctīs Etrūscīs et eōs ā ponte prohibēbant. Cēterī Rōmānī maximō cum studiō pontem dēlēbant. Mox Horātius Herminiō et Lartiō clāmāvit, “Pontem relinquite, meī comitēs. Ad cēterōs Rōmānōs properāte. Ego sōlus in ponte manēbō!” Eī Horātium relīquērunt, et ad terram firmam cucurrērunt. Tum hostēs clāmāntēs tēla in Horātium mīsērunt, sed Horātius, rūpī simillimus, scūtō tēla eōrum accipiēbat. Tandem pōns magnō fragōre in flūmen cecidit. Horātius deum flūminis invocāns impedītus in flūmen dēsiluit, et ad terram tūtus vēnit. Sīc Horātius magnum et bonum factum ēgit. Nūllus mīles umquam erat Horātiō maior; nūllus mīles umquam erat Horātiō melior. Etiam hodiē hominēs fābulam dē maximā et optimā virtute Horātī nārrant. |
Translation Video |
DĒ HORĀTIŌ II: Responde Latine
1. Cuius cõpias mīlitēs Rōmānī vīdērunt?
2. Quō cōpiae dēcurrēbant?
3. Quō mīlitēs Rōmānī fugiēbant?
4. Quam magnae sunt cōpiae Etrūscōrum?
5. Quam magna est virtūs Rōmāna?
6. Estne mors servitūte peior?
7. Nõnne Horātius ponte Etrūscās prohibēbit?
8. Ā quibus mīlitēs Rōmānī coniugēs līberōsque līberābunt?
9. Quōmodo mīlitēs Rōmānī pontem dēlēbunt?
10. Quō Horātius cucurrit?
11. Quālēs mīlitēs erant Herminius et Lartius?
12. Quam audācēs erant ei mīlitēs?
13. Cui erat Horātius simillimus?
14. Eratne ūllus mīles Horātiō maior?
2. Quō cōpiae dēcurrēbant?
3. Quō mīlitēs Rōmānī fugiēbant?
4. Quam magnae sunt cōpiae Etrūscōrum?
5. Quam magna est virtūs Rōmāna?
6. Estne mors servitūte peior?
7. Nõnne Horātius ponte Etrūscās prohibēbit?
8. Ā quibus mīlitēs Rōmānī coniugēs līberōsque līberābunt?
9. Quōmodo mīlitēs Rōmānī pontem dēlēbunt?
10. Quō Horātius cucurrit?
11. Quālēs mīlitēs erant Herminius et Lartius?
12. Quam audācēs erant ei mīlitēs?
13. Cui erat Horātius simillimus?
14. Eratne ūllus mīles Horātiō maior?
DĒ HORĀTIŌ II: Discussion
- In the story Dē Horātio II are found the forms of several adjectives that are compared irregularly. In the sentence Copiae Etruscorum sunt magnae..., find the three degrees of the adjective magnus. They are magnus, maior, maximus. Is this comparison made according to the rules of comparison? In the sentence Si militēs mali Porsenae pontem tenuerint...,and in the following sentences, find the three degrees of the adjective malus. They are malus, peior, pessimus. In the last paragraph of the story find the three degrees of the adjective bonus. They are bonus, melior, optimus.
- Several other irregular forms are found in the story. They are infimus, which serves as the superlative of the adjective inferus, low; minimus, serving as the superlative of parvus, small; and extrēmus, the superlative of exterus, outside. These are all irregular in their comparison; that is, their forms are not made according to the rules for comparing adjectives. The only way to learn the comparison of such adjectives is to memorize them thoroughly at once.
- The most important examples of irregular comparison are as follows:
- The following are also used rather frequently:
- Phrases containing the adjectives summus, extrēmus, and infimus, are often translated idiomatically: summus mons, the top of the mountain; infimus mõns, the bottom of the mountain; extrēmus pons, the end of the bridge.
- Several adjectives are compared by using the adverbs magis, more and maximē, most; as, idoneus, suitable; magis idoneus, more suitable; maximē idoneus, most suitable.
- In the sentence Copiae Etruscorum sunt magnae; sunt multis mīlibus militum maiorēs quam nostrae copiae, what phrase tells how much greater the forces of the Etruscans are than the forces of the Romans? This phrase shows the amount of difference between the two sets of forces, indicated specifically by the ablative mīlibus.
- The sentence Hi trēs erant multo audāciórēs cūnctis Etruscis may be translated These three were bolder by much (or much bolder) than all the Etruscans. What does the word multo show? Multo, which is in effect a substantive in the ablative used as an adverb, shows how much bolder these men were than the Etruscans. It shows the degree of difference in their boldness. English has a very similar construction, sometimes using "by", sometimes omitting it, as in the sentences "Charles is taller than Mary by a head," "Charles is a year older than Mary."
- When two persons or things are compared, then, the amount of the difference between them is often specified. This amount of difference is expressed by a noun in the ablative; the ablative so used is called ablative of degree of difference.
- In the sentence Nonne nõs igitur hoc ponte Etrūscos prohibēbimus, what phrase shows that from which the Etruscans were to be kept away? What is the case of the noun in this phrase? Is a preposition used? In the sentence Hi trēs erant multo audāciórēs cūnctis Etruscis et eos ā ponte prohibēbant, what phrase shows from what the three kept the Etruscans? What case is used? Is there a preposition?
- In the sentence Nonne coniugēs liberosque nostros ab hostibus liberābimus, what phrase shows from whom the wives and children are to be freed? In what case is hostibus? Is there a preposition in this phrase? With verbs meaning, keep (from), free, separate, etc., the idea of separation is expressed by the ablative, sometimes with, sometimes without, a preposition.
Chapter 38 Grammar Notes
Comparison of Irregular Adjectives
While most adjectives are regular and follow the patterns for their "Comparative" and "Superlative" forms that we highlighted last chapter, there are still exceptions to the rules. Below, you'll see a chart of very common adjectives that use irregular endings in the Comparative and Superlative degree:
As mentioned in the discussion above, a few other irregular adjectives are also used:
The key is to memorize these forms! The more you practice and read, the more easily you'll recognize them.
Ablative of Degree of Difference
Sometimes, an Ablative case noun such as "multo" (much) or "paulo" (a little) is used with comparatives to indicate "how much?" something is in the comparison. For example:
Sextus est multo molestior quam Marcus." (Sextus is much more annoying than Marcus).
Sextus est multo molestior Marco. (Sextus is much more annoying than Marcus)
This is called the Ablative of Degree of Difference -- it's just one more use of the Ablative case!
Sextus est multo molestior quam Marcus." (Sextus is much more annoying than Marcus).
Sextus est multo molestior Marco. (Sextus is much more annoying than Marcus)
This is called the Ablative of Degree of Difference -- it's just one more use of the Ablative case!
Ablative of Separation
Chapter 38 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Compare the following adjectives giving all the genders for each degree: celer, īnferus, magnus, similis, nõbilis, multus, exterus, firmus, bonus, parvus, crūdēlis, clārus.
II. Express the following phrases in Latin in the designated case: very bad companions (gen); greater crashing (acc); the bottom of the mountain (nom); very firm rocks (acc); worse slavery (dat); the end of the road (abl); rather good swords (dat); the tops of the trees (abl)
III. Express the italicized phrases in Latin:
1. Horatius is near the end of the bridge.
2. The soldiers stand like very firm rocks.
3. Slavery is much worse than death.
4. Horatius had a very keen mind.
5. He is desirous of very little praise.
II. Express the following phrases in Latin in the designated case: very bad companions (gen); greater crashing (acc); the bottom of the mountain (nom); very firm rocks (acc); worse slavery (dat); the end of the road (abl); rather good swords (dat); the tops of the trees (abl)
III. Express the italicized phrases in Latin:
1. Horatius is near the end of the bridge.
2. The soldiers stand like very firm rocks.
3. Slavery is much worse than death.
4. Horatius had a very keen mind.
5. He is desirous of very little praise.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Horatius, who was defending the bridge, was very like a god.
2. "Slavery," says Horatius, "is much more suitable for the enemy, than for Romans."
3. This brave soldier with two companions kept off many thousands of the enemy.
4. In the meantime the others, stirred by the greatest terror, were destroying the bridge with fire and iron.
5. The whole city, safe again, heard the great crashing of the bridge.
6. Horatius, burdened with his weapons, will leap down from the end of the bridge into the river.
7. The companions of Horatius were at the bottom of the cliff.
8. These ran down to the river and dragged him to dry land (ad terram firmam).
2. "Slavery," says Horatius, "is much more suitable for the enemy, than for Romans."
3. This brave soldier with two companions kept off many thousands of the enemy.
4. In the meantime the others, stirred by the greatest terror, were destroying the bridge with fire and iron.
5. The whole city, safe again, heard the great crashing of the bridge.
6. Horatius, burdened with his weapons, will leap down from the end of the bridge into the river.
7. The companions of Horatius were at the bottom of the cliff.
8. These ran down to the river and dragged him to dry land (ad terram firmam).
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 38 Irregular Degrees of Adjective Practice
Chapter 38 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 38 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 38 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 38 Irregular Degrees of Adjective Practice
Chapter 38 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 38 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 38 Noun Ending Chart (All)