Chapter 39 Vocabulary
āla, -ae, f., wing
ars, artis, artium, f., art callidus, -a, -um, shrewd, skilful cēra, -ae, f., wax custōs, custōdis, m., guard damnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to condemn, convict dēbeō, -ēre, dēbuī, dēbitus, to owe, ought dēmum, at length, at last effugiō, -ere, effūgī, ---, to escape iuvō, -āre, iūvī, iūtus, to assist, help iuvat, it pleases, it is useful to levis, leve, light mālō, mālle, māluī, ---, to wish more, prefer modus, -ī, m., measure, manner, way |
nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, ---, to be unwilling
obtineō, -ēre, obtinuī, obtentus, to occupy, hold fast, possess parātus, -a, -um, prepared, ready penna, -ae, f., feather perītus, -a, -um, skilled, experienced possum, posse, potuī, ---, to be able, can propior, priorius, nearer quārē, for what reason? why? solvō, -ere, solvī, solūtus, to unbind, depart, dissolve temptō, -āre, -āvī, ātus, to try, attempt terreō, -ēre, terruī, territus, to frighten, terrify ventus, -ī, m., wind volō, velle, voluī, ---, to wish, be willing |
Chapter 39 Derivatives
ars: artifice, artisan, artist, artifact, artificial
custōs: custodian, custody, damnāre: damnation, damn, condemn dēbēre: debit, debt, debtor levis: alleviate, levity, elevate, elevator, elevation modus: modicum, modest, module, modify obtinēre: obtain penna: pen, pin |
perītus: experiment, experience, expert
posse: possible solvere: solve, solution, solvent, soluble, absolution, absolve, dissolve temptāre: temptation, attempt, tempt terrēre: deterrent, deter, terrific, terrible, terror ventus: vent, ventilate velle: voluntary, volition, malevolent, benevolent, voluptuous |
DĒ DAEDALŌ ET ĪCARŌ I
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Multīs ante annīs Daedalus cum Īcarō, parvō fīliō, Athēnīs ad īnsulam Crētam fūgit quod ab Athēnārum cīvibus damnātus erat. Prīmō Mīnōs, rēx Crētae, eum benignē accēpit; nam Daedalus erat vir artium perītissimus et rēgem iuvāre poterat. Sed posteā rēx Daedalō et Īcarō fuit inimīcus et eōs in custōdiam dedit. Mare et terra ā custōdibus rēgis custōdiēbantur. Daedalus, tamen, patriam vidēre cupiēbat et semper cōnsilia fugae cōgitābat. Sic sēcum cōgitābat: “Nōnne novās artēs facere possum? Nōnne ego et Īcarus ā Crēta fugere possumus?" Tandem parvum fīlium ad se vocat. “Mīnōs quidem nāvibus et mīlitibus mare terramque regere potest. Caelum, vērō, regere nōn potest. A caelō nūllī custōdēs nōs prohibēre possunt. Ego ālās facere possum; tum nōs Athēnās mox revenīre possumus. Tū, parve fīlī, mē iuvāre potes." “Tū, et tuī custōdēs, Mīnōs, vincī potestis. Callidus es, Mīnōs, sed callidior est Daedalus; nōn terrērī potest. Mare et terra ā tē custōdīrī et regī possunt. Sed caelum ā tē occupārī nōn potest. E caelō neque vocāre neque capī possumus." “Effugere nōn potuī; nunc dēmum hanc aliēnam īnsulam relinquere poterō. Nōs Graeciam iterum vidēre poterimus. Tū, mī fīlī, Athēnīs habitāre poteris. Cīvis Athēnārum esse dēbēs. Nūnc properāre dēbeō; negōtium enim est difficile.” Hoc modō Daedalus effugere cōnstituit. Tum is multās pennās comparāvit. E pennīs cērāque ālās levēs fēcit. Sed Īcarus opus saepe impediēbat. Tum eius pater rogābat, “Vīsne reliquere Crētam, mī fīlī?” “Certē, pater, volō fugere.” Quārē, igitur, pennīs lūdis?” “Pennae, pater, sunt levēs et pulchrae. Ventus eās hūc et illūc mittit. Mē iuvat pennīs lūdere.” “Sed nōs ālās facere volumus. Sī adultī opus facere volunt, nōn lūdunt; tū puer lūdere nōn dēbēs.” “Ego labōrābō. In Crētā manēre nōlō. Ego quoque Athēnīs habitāre mālō.” Sīc dēmum ālae sunt parātae; Daedalus Icarō eās dēmonstrat. Alae Īcarum dēlectant, nam ālis avis simillimae esse videntur. Poteruntne Daedalus et Īcarus eīs ālīs volāre? Notā bene: Minos, Minois, Minos a king of Crete Mē iuvat pennis lūdere, it pleases me to play with the feathers; that is, I like to play with the feathers Multīs ante annīs Daedalus cum Īcarō, parvō fīliō, Athēnīs ad īnsulam Crētam fūgit quod ab Athēnārum cīvibus damnātus erat. Prīmō Mīnōs, rēx Crētae, eum benignē accēpit; nam Daedalus erat vir artium perītissimus et rēgem iuvāre poterat. Sed posteā rēx Daedalō et Īcarō fuit inimīcus et eōs in custōdiam dedit. Mare et terra ā custōdibus rēgis custōdiēbantur. Daedalus, tamen, patriam vidēre cupiēbat et semper cōnsilia fugae cōgitābat. Sic sēcum cōgitābat: “Nōnne novās artēs facere possum? Nōnne ego et Īcarus ā Crēta fugere possumus?" Tandem parvum fīlium ad sē vocat. “Mīnōs quidem nāvibus et mīlitibus mare terramque regere potest. Caelum, vērō, regere nōn potest. A caelō nūllī custōdēs nōs prohibēre possunt. Ego ālās facere possum; tum nōs Athēnās mox revenīre possumus. Tū, parve fīlī, mē iuvāre potes." “Tū, et tuī custōdēs, Mīnōs, vincī potestis. Callidus es, Mīnōs, sed callidior est Daedalus; nōn terrērī potest. Mare et terra ā tē custōdīrī et regī possunt. Sed caelum ā tē occupārī nōn potest. E caelō neque vocāre neque capī possumus." “Effugere nōn potuī; nunc dēmum hanc aliēnam īnsulam relinquere poterō. Nōs Graeciam iterum vidēre poterimus. Tū, mī fīlī, Athēnīs habitāre poteris. Cīvis Athēnārum esse dēbēs. Nūnc properāre dēbeō; negōtium enim est difficile.” Hoc modō Daedalus effugere cōnstituit. Tum is multās pennās comparāvit. E pennīs cērāque ālās levēs fēcit. Sed Īcarus opus saepe impediēbat. Tum eius pater rogābat, “Vīsne reliquere Crētam, mī fīlī?” “Certē, pater, volō fugere.” Quārē, igitur, pennīs lūdis?” “Pennae, pater, sunt levēs et pulchrae. Ventus eās hūc et illūc mittit. Mē iuvat pennīs lūdere.” “Sed nōs ālās facere volumus. Sī adultī opus facere volunt, nōn lūdunt; tū puer lūdere nōn dēbēs.” “Ego labōrābō. In Crētā manēre nōlō. Ego quoque Athēnīs habitāre mālō.” Sīc dēmum ālae sunt parātae; Daedalus Icarō eās dēmonstrat. Alae Īcarum dēlectant, nam ālis avis simillimae esse videntur. Poteruntne Daedalus et Īcarus eīs ālīs volāre? Notā bene: Minos, Minois, Minos a king of Crete Mē iuvat pennis lūdere, it pleases me to play with the feathers; that is, I like to play with the feathers |
Translation Video |
DĒ DAEDALŌ ET ĪCARŌ I: Responde Latine
1. Quandō Daedalus cum fīliō parvō ad Crētam fūgit?
2. Quālis vir erat Daedalus?
3. Cūr rēx eum benignē Erīnn accēpit?
4. Cūr Daedalus et Īcarus ā Crētā fugere nōn poterant?
5. Quid Daedalus Īcarō dē rēge nārrat?
6. Quid Daedalus Īcarō dē sē nārrat?
7. Quid ā rēge agī potest?
8. Quid ambō iterum agere poterunt?
9. Cūr Daedalus properāre dēbet?
10. Quid Daedalus agere cōnstituit?
11. Quōmodo ālās facere poterat?
12. Quid pater rogābat?
13. Ubī Īcarus manēre nōn vult?
14. Ubī Īcarus habitāre māvult?
15. Quālēs sunt ālae Daedalī?
16. Quōmodo Daedalus et Īcarus volāre poterunt?
2. Quālis vir erat Daedalus?
3. Cūr rēx eum benignē Erīnn accēpit?
4. Cūr Daedalus et Īcarus ā Crētā fugere nōn poterant?
5. Quid Daedalus Īcarō dē rēge nārrat?
6. Quid Daedalus Īcarō dē sē nārrat?
7. Quid ā rēge agī potest?
8. Quid ambō iterum agere poterunt?
9. Cūr Daedalus properāre dēbet?
10. Quid Daedalus agere cōnstituit?
11. Quōmodo ālās facere poterat?
12. Quid pater rogābat?
13. Ubī Īcarus manēre nōn vult?
14. Ubī Īcarus habitāre māvult?
15. Quālēs sunt ālae Daedalī?
16. Quōmodo Daedalus et Īcarus volāre poterunt?
DĒ DAEDALŌ ET ĪCARŌ I: Discussion
- In the sentence Nõnne novās artēs facere possum, what part of the word possum is familiar? List the other forms of this verb found in the first four paragraphs of the story Dē Daedalo et Icaro I. What forms belong to the present tense of this verb? to the imperfect tense? to the future tense? What syllables are used with the various tenses of sum to form this verb? To what forms of sum are the letters "pos-" prefixed? What prefix is used with all other forms of sum? The verb possum is a compound of the adjective potis, able, and the verb sum, and has the meaning I am able, I can. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of this verb may be found by prefixing the syllable "pot-" or "pos-" to the present, imperfect, and future tenses of sum. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect are formed on the third principal part as in other verbs.
- Learn the following paradigm of possum. Observe carefully the spelling of the pluperfect and the future perfect forms:
- What verb form accompanies all the forms of possum that appear in the story? The meaning of possum, I am able or I can, is often made fuller or more complete by adding an infinitive called a complementary infinitive, which completes its meaning; as, effugere possum, I am able to escape or I can escape. The subject of the verb possum is the person thought of as doing the action expressed in the infinitive.
- In the second paragraph of the story, pick out the complementary infinitives and state the conjugation to which each belongs. The present active infinitive of regular verbs ends in "-re." The vowel preceding the letters "re" identifies the conjugation. In the third paragraph of the story, list the forms of possum and their complementary infinitives. Do the subjects of these phrases act or are they acted upon? If the subject of the phrase is acted upon, then the infinitive is passive. State the conjugation to which each infinitive belongs and give the present active infinitive. What change takes place in the present active infinitive to form the present passive infinitive of each conjugation? In the first, second, and fourth conjugations, the final "e" of the present active infinitive becomes "i". In the third conjugation, including "io" verbs, the ending "-ere" is dropped and "i" is substituted.
- Observe the following infinitive forms:
- In the fifth paragraph of the story, various forms of the verb volo, I wish, are found. List these forms. Are these forms made from a regular stem? Since this verb has no regular stem, it is said to be an irregular verb. Its forms must be memorized thoroughly. There are only a few irregular verbs in Latin. From the word volő, two others are formed. They are nõlõ, composed of ne and volo, meaning I am unwilling; and mālo, composed of magis and volo, meaning, I am more willing or I prefer.
- What do the verbs volo, nolo, mālo require to complete their meaning? Find other verbs in the story which require an infinitive to complete their meaning. Verbs meaning decide, wish, try, seem, be able, are often followed by the infinitive; and also the various forms of dēbeo, I ought. Observe that the complementary infinitive immediately precedes the word upon which it depends. The negative, non, may intervene between the two. The complementary infinitive may be active or passive.
- Learn the conjugations of the following irregular verbs. Observe that all the tenses except the present are formed regularly, according to the rules for the third conjugation.
DĒ DAEDALŌ ET ĪCARŌ II
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Daedalus īnsulam prīmā lūce relinquere cōnstituerat. Id tempus eī maximē idōneum fugae esse vidēbātur. Nunc Daedalus fīliō parvō ālās dat et memor magnī perīculī sīc Īcarum monet: “Sī superior volābis, sōl cēram solvet; sī īnferior volābis, aqua ālas tanget et tē impediet. Inter haec perīcula volāre dēbēmus. Ego prīmus volābō; tū post mē volābis.” Nunc dēmum ambō sunt in caelō. Eī quī Daedalum et Īcarum per caelum volantēs spectant maximē commoventur. Eīs Daedalus et Īcarus deī esse videntur; nam deī sōlī caelum obtinent et volāre possunt. Sine mōrā per caelum clārum volant. Graecia propior et clārior esse vidētur. Īcarus per caelum volāns est laetissimus. Sed propior sōlī esse vult. Mox est verbōrum patris oblītus; ad sōlem volat. Nōnne cōnsilia patris, Īcare, memoriā tenēs? Nōnne Graeciam vidēre vīs? Pater fīlium ad sōlem volantem videt et iterum eum monet. Eius verba frūstrā dīcuntur; nam sōl cēram solvit. Nunc Īcarus perterritus volāre temptat. Sed volāre nōn potest; ālae āmittuntur. In mare cadit. Daedalus fuit miserrimus et domum volāre nōluit. In marī corpus fīlī petīviet et invēnit. Tum pater sōlus volāvit. Daedalus īnsulam prīmā lūce relinquere cōnstituerat. Id tempus eī maximē idōneum fugae esse vidēbātur. Nunc Daedalus fīliō parvō ālās dat et memor magnī perīculī sīc Īcarum monet: “Sī superior volābis, sōl cēram solvet; sī īnferior volābis, aqua ālas tanget et tē impediet. Inter haec perīcula volāre dēbēmus. Ego prīmus volābō; tū post mē volābis.” Nunc dēmum ambō sunt in caelō. Eī quī Daedalum et Īcarum per caelum volantēs spectant maximē commoventur. Eīs Daedalus et Īcarus deī esse videntur; nam deī sōlī caelum obtinent et volāre possunt. Sine mōrā per caelum clārum volant. Graecia propior et clārior esse vidētur. Īcarus per caelum volāns est laetissimus. Sed propior sōlī esse vult. Mox est verbōrum patris oblītus; ad sōlem volat. Nōnne cōnsilia patris, Īcare, memoriā tenēs? Nōnne Graeciam vidēre vīs? Pater fīlium ad sōlem volantem videt et iterum eum monet. Eius verba frūstrā dīcuntur; nam sōl cēram solvit. Nunc Īcarus perterritus volāre temptat. Sed volāre nōn potest; ālae āmittuntur. In mare cadit. Daedalus fuit miserrimus et domum volāre nōluit. In marī corpus fīlī petīviet et invēnit. Tum pater sōlus volāvit. |
Translation Video |
A modern day homage to Daedalus and Icarus...
Chapter 39 Grammar Notes
What is an "Infinitive"?
In this chapter, you will be introduced to a new form of Latin verbs-- the "Infinitive." So far, we have seen that by changing the ending of a verb, you change the person performing the action. For instance, verbs ending in "-o" indicate that "I" am doing the action. Likewise, "-s" indicates "you" are the subject, "-t" indicates "he/she/it" is the subject, and "-nt" indicates "they" is the subject. There are instances in Latin and English, though, when we do not want to use a specific person with a verb. For example, you would never say "I want eat breakfast." That just sounds wrong! You would say "I want to eat breakfast." "To eat" is a verb, since it is an action word, but there is no specific subject attached-- in other words, who is doing the eating? This form of a verb, when there is no specific subject (in other words, it's the more generalized form of the verb) is called the "Infinitive" and in English we always translate it "to _________."
Complementary Infinitive
So what do we use Infinitives for in Latin? One use is something known as the "Complementary Infinitive," which we will explore in this chapter. The Complementary Infinitive is when we use an Infinitive verb to complete the meaning of another main verb (hence the name "complementary" as in "completion"). For example, if we say "Marcus wants," your audience is probably wondering "Marcus wants to do what?" That sentence is incomplete, since we haven't explained what it is that Marcus wants to do. Just like in English, we would never say "Marcus wants run." We need to complete the meaning of the verb "wants" by adding an Infinitive-- for instance, "Marcus wants to run." "To run" is our Complementary Infinitive. Here's what it would look like in Latin:
Marcus currere vult.
Marcus wants to run.
Marcus wants to run.
As you can see in the example above, the Infinitive (currere) ends in an "-re" which is easy for us to spot. Other examples of the Infinitive form of verbs we have seen so far include: ascendere (to climb), descendere (to climb down), ambulare (to walk), dormire (to sleep), and sedere (to sit). Pay close attention to the ending of Latin verbs! This is the key to spotting an Infinitive.
One other note -- pay attention to the word order in Latin. Complementary Infinitives usually go before the main verb of the sentence. In English, the infinitive comes after the main verb (ex. I want to run).
One other note -- pay attention to the word order in Latin. Complementary Infinitives usually go before the main verb of the sentence. In English, the infinitive comes after the main verb (ex. I want to run).
Irregular Verbs: Possum, Volo, Nolo, Malo
Remember, some verbs are what we call "irregular," since their forms do not follow the same pattern as our "regular" verbs. Earlier, we learned the verb "esse," our first irregular verb. In this chapter, we are learning "possum" (to be able), "volo" (to want), "nolo" (to not want), and "malo" (to prefer). All of these verbs are commonly used with Complementary Infinitives. Using the charts provided in our "discussion" section, memorize their forms! Otherwise, use them the same way you would use a "regular" verb.
Chapter 39 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give a synopsis of the following verbs in the person and number indicated:
possum third singular
solvō, third singular active
dēbeō, third plural active
vōlō, second singular
cōnstituō, first singular active
nōlō, third singular
videor, first plural
mālō, third plural
II. Give the present active and passive infinitives of the Latin verbs for the following: move, condemn, defend, hear, seize, give, destroy, decide, throw, fortify, occupy, prepare
III. Express the italicized verb phrases in Latin:
1. Skilled men alone can fly.
2. Guards seemed to be placed everywhere.
3. I have decided to be brave.
4. Daedalus ought to be praised.
5. Icarus did not wish to be left on the island.
6. The little boy wishes to hold the feathers in his fingers.
7. Daedalus preferred to accomplish his task.
8. Icarus wishes to fly with his new wings.
possum third singular
solvō, third singular active
dēbeō, third plural active
vōlō, second singular
cōnstituō, first singular active
nōlō, third singular
videor, first plural
mālō, third plural
II. Give the present active and passive infinitives of the Latin verbs for the following: move, condemn, defend, hear, seize, give, destroy, decide, throw, fortify, occupy, prepare
III. Express the italicized verb phrases in Latin:
1. Skilled men alone can fly.
2. Guards seemed to be placed everywhere.
3. I have decided to be brave.
4. Daedalus ought to be praised.
5. Icarus did not wish to be left on the island.
6. The little boy wishes to hold the feathers in his fingers.
7. Daedalus preferred to accomplish his task.
8. Icarus wishes to fly with his new wings.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Very many men skilled in the arts have tried to fly with wings.
2. Daedalus, who had been condemned in Athens, was able to escape to Crete.
3. At first the king of Crete was very friendly, but later he put Daedalus under arrest.
4. The king's guards were able to control the sea and land.
5. The shrewd king could not possess the sky; and he could not terrify (neither could he terrify) Daedalus.
6. And so Daedalus, moved by the greatest longing for Greece, made wings out of feathers.
7. The wind seemed to play with the very light feathers; and so the little boy wished to play also.
8. At length the wings are ready; in this way, both will be able to escape from the very wicked king.
9. Icarus ought not to leave his father; for the sun will melt (dissolve) the wax.
10. Icarus was unwilling to fly behind his father; he preferred to be nearer the sun.
2. Daedalus, who had been condemned in Athens, was able to escape to Crete.
3. At first the king of Crete was very friendly, but later he put Daedalus under arrest.
4. The king's guards were able to control the sea and land.
5. The shrewd king could not possess the sky; and he could not terrify (neither could he terrify) Daedalus.
6. And so Daedalus, moved by the greatest longing for Greece, made wings out of feathers.
7. The wind seemed to play with the very light feathers; and so the little boy wished to play also.
8. At length the wings are ready; in this way, both will be able to escape from the very wicked king.
9. Icarus ought not to leave his father; for the sun will melt (dissolve) the wax.
10. Icarus was unwilling to fly behind his father; he preferred to be nearer the sun.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 39 Sentence Translation (Specifically Complementary Infinitives)
Chapter 39 Irregular Verb Conjugation Practice
Chapter 39 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 39 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 39 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 39 Sentence Translation (Specifically Complementary Infinitives)
Chapter 39 Irregular Verb Conjugation Practice
Chapter 39 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 39 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 39 Noun Ending Chart (All)