Chapter 41 Vocabulary
appropinquō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to approach, draw near
armātūra, -ae, f., armor, equipment centuriō, centuriōnis, m., centurion cōnsistō, -ere, cōnstitī, ---, to stand, take a position cornū, cornūs, n., horn; wing (of an army) domus, domūs, f., house; home equitātus, equitātūs, m., cavalry exercitus, exercitūs, m., army gravis, -e, heavy; grave, serious impetus, impetūs, m., attack, assault impetum facere (with "in" + acc.), to make a charge or attack upon (idiom) legiōnārius, -a, -um, of a legion |
legiōnārius, -ārī, m., a legionary, member of a legion
manus, manūs, f., hand; band (of soldiers) nātiō, nātiōnis, f., race, tribe, nation orbis, orbis, orbium, m., circle orbis terrārum, the world (idiom) pār, paris, equal pendeō, -ēre, pependī, ---, to be suspended, hang down praesidium, praesidī, n., garrison, protection singulī, -ae, -a, one at a time, single superō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to overcome, surpass, defeat ūsus, ūsūs, m., use, service vel, or |
Chapter 41 Derivatives
armātūra: armature
cōnsistere: consist, consistent, consistency cornū: corn, cornea, cornucopia domus: domestic, domesticate, domicile, domain gravis: grief, gravity, aggravation, gravitate, grave impetus: impetus, impetuous |
manus: manuscript, manual, manicure, manumit manipulation, manufacture, manacle, emancipate, mandate
pār: par, subpar, parity, comparable, disparity, comparison pendēre: pendulum, pendulous, impend, pendant, pending, perpendicular, suspend ūsus: use, usage, usual |
DĒ EXERCITIBUS RŌMĀNĪS I
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Exercitus Rōmānus, quem Caesar in Galliam dūcēbat, in trēs partēs dīvīsus est. Una pars exercitūs equitātus erat, altera pars auxilia, tertia pars peditēs, quī mīlitēs legiōnāriī appellābantur. Potentissima pars exercitūs Rōmānī erant legiōnēs, nam habēbant mīlitēs legiōnāriōs, virōs maximae virtūtis, quī pīlīs gladiīsque pugnābant. Ubi Caesar signum dedit, mīlitēs prīmī in hostēs appropinquantēs pīla mittēbant; tum gladiīs in eōs impetum faciēbant. Post proelium equitātus, quī in cornū dextrō et in cornū sinistrō cōnstiterat, in hostēs fugientēs impetum faciēbat et eōs caedēbat. Ante proelium quoque equitātus Caesarī et exercituī magnō auxiliō (of great service to Caesar and the army) erat, nam equitātus cum equitātū hostium proelium saepe commitēbant. Auxilia, vel peditēs levis armātūrae, proeliīs nōn saepe pugnābant. eae cōpiae tamen magnō ūsuī erant, quod ad exercitum frūmentum ā fīnitimīs gentibus coāctum portābant. Ab exercitū Caesaris multae gentēs victae sunt; nam mīlitēs Rōmānī virtūte vīribusque omnēs aliōs superāvērunt. Exercitūs Rōmānī ad multās terrās sociīs praesidio mittēbantur. Mīlitēs eōrum exercituum terrā marīque pugnābant. Nūllī exercitūs exercitibus Rōmānīs parēs erant virtūte. Omnēs nātiōnēs orbis terrārum igitur potentēs exercitūs Rōmānōs timēbant. Diū Rōmānīs bellum gerēbant, sed frūstrā pugnābant, nam omnēs nātiōnēs ab exercitibus Rōmānīs victae sunt. Exercitus Rōmānus, quem Caesar in Galliam dūcēbat, in trēs partēs dīvīsus est. Una pars exercitūs equitātus erat, altera pars auxilia, tertia pars peditēs, quī mīlitēs legiōnāriī appellābantur. Potentissima pars exercitūs Rōmānī erant legiōnēs, nam habēbant mīlitēs legiōnāriōs, virōs maximae virtūtis, quī pīlīs gladiīsque pugnābant. Ubi Caesar signum dedit, mīlitēs prīmī in hostēs appropinquantēs pīla mittēbant; tum gladiīs in eōs impetum faciēbant. Post proelium equitātus, quī in cornū dextrō et in cornū sinistrō cōnstiterat, in hostēs fugientēs impetum faciēbat et eōs caedēbat. Ante proelium quoque equitātus Caesarī et exercituī magnō auxiliō (of great service to Caesar and the army) erat, nam equitātus cum equitātū hostium proelium saepe commitēbant. Auxilia, vel peditēs levis armātūrae, proeliīs nōn saepe pugnābant. Eae cōpiae tamen magnō ūsuī erant, quod ad exercitum frūmentum ā fīnitimīs gentibus coāctum portābant. Ab exercitū Caesaris multae gentēs victae sunt; nam mīlitēs Rōmānī virtūte vīribusque omnēs aliōs superāvērunt. Exercitūs Rōmānī ad multās terrās sociīs praesidiō mittēbantur. Mīlitēs eōrum exercituum terrā marīque pugnābant. Nūllī exercitūs exercitibus Rōmānīs parēs erant virtūte. Omnēs nātiōnēs orbis terrārum igitur potentēs exercitūs Rōmānōs timēbant. Diū Rōmānīs bellum gerēbant, sed frūstrā pugnābant, nam omnēs nātiōnēs ab exercitibus Rōmānīs victae sunt. |
Translation Video |
DĒ EXERCITIBUS RŌMĀNĪS I: Responde Latine
1. Quot in partēs exercitus Rōmānus dīvīsus est?
2. Quō nōmine ūna pars exercitūs appellābātur altera pars tertia pars?
3. Ubī equitātus cōnstitit?
4. Cui equitātus magnō auxiliō erat?
5. Quid ad exercitum portābātur?
6. Ā quō multae gentēs vīctae sunt?
7. Quōmodo mīlitēs Rōmānī aliōs superāvērunt?
8. Quibus exercitūs Rōmānī praesidiō mittēbantur?
9. Ubī mīlitēs eōrum exercituum pugnābant?
10. Erantne ūllī exercitūs exercitibus Rōmānīs virtūte parēs?
11. Nõnne omnēs natianēs exercitās Rōmānās timēbant?
12. Ā quibus omnēs natianēs vīctae sunt?
2. Quō nōmine ūna pars exercitūs appellābātur altera pars tertia pars?
3. Ubī equitātus cōnstitit?
4. Cui equitātus magnō auxiliō erat?
5. Quid ad exercitum portābātur?
6. Ā quō multae gentēs vīctae sunt?
7. Quōmodo mīlitēs Rōmānī aliōs superāvērunt?
8. Quibus exercitūs Rōmānī praesidiō mittēbantur?
9. Ubī mīlitēs eōrum exercituum pugnābant?
10. Erantne ūllī exercitūs exercitibus Rōmānīs virtūte parēs?
11. Nõnne omnēs natianēs exercitās Rōmānās timēbant?
12. Ā quibus omnēs natianēs vīctae sunt?
DĒ EXERCITIBUS RŌMĀNĪS I: Discussion
- In the sentence Exercitus Romānus in trēs partēs dīvīsus est, in what case is exercitus? In the sentence Ūna pars exercitus equitātus erat, in what case is exercitus? How does the genitive case differ from the nominative? What does the genitive singular ending tell about a noun? The genitive singular ending of exercitus is "-ūs."
- The word exercitus is not in the first, second, or third declension, as is shown by the ending of the genitive singular. Nouns that have the ending "-ūs" in the genitive singular belong to the fourth declension.
- In the second paragraph of the story find the dative, accusative, and ablative singular of exercitus. What is the ending of each case?
- In the last paragraph of the story, find the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative plural of exercitus. Give the ending of each case. These are the endings of masculine and feminine nouns of the fourth declension. Most nouns of the fourth declension ending in "-us" are masculine, though manus, manūs, hand or band, and domus, domūs, house, are feminine. Several cases of the noun domus have endings of the second declension also, in addition to the fourth declension endings: domō (ablative singular), domōs (accusative plural). In the locative singular, only the second declension form, domi, is found.
- There are three neuter nouns of the fourth declension, ending in "-ū" in the nominative singular. The most common is cornū, cornūs, wing of an army, or horn.
- Learn the following paradigms of nouns in the fourth declension:
- In the sentence Ante proelium quoque equitātus Caesari et exercitui magno auxilio erat, what is the Latin phrase that tells that the cavalry was of service? In what case are the words of this phrase? Who were affected by this aid? In what case are Caesari and equitātui? In the sentence Exercitus Romāni ad multās terrās sociis praesidio mittēbantur, what word shows the purpose of sending Roman armies to many lands? In what case is praesidio? Who were affected by this protection? In what case is sociis?
- The dative case may be used to show the purpose, advantage, or end, for which persons or things serve; when so used it is called the dative of purpose. With the dative of purpose is often found another dative which designates the person affected or referred to; and this is called the dative of interest or sometimes the dative of reference. When the dative of purpose and the dative of interest are used together, the combination is called the double dative. Sum and certain verbs of motion are used most frequently with the dative of purpose. The nouns auxilio, curae, impedimento, praesidio, and ūsui are used most frequently as datives of purpose.
- In order to show the construction, a phrase like Equitātus Caesari auxilio erat is often translated The cavalry was for an advantage to Caesar; but such translations to show construction, if they do not happen to agree with the English idiom, should always be followed by a more natural expression, such as The cavalry was of service to Caesar.
- In the sentence Militēs Romāni virtūte vīribusque omnes alios superāvērunt, which words tell in what respect the Roman soldiers surpassed all others? In what case is virtūte? In what case is vīribus? Is a preposition used? In the sentence Nulli exercitūs exercitibus Romānis parēs erant virtūte, what word tells in what respect other armies were not equal to the Roman armies? In what case is virtūte? Is a preposition used?
- The ablative without a preposition may be used to show in what respect a statement or assertion is true or a term is to be applied. An ablative so used is called an ablative of specification.
DĒ EXERCITIBUS RŌMĀNĪS II
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Mīlitēs legiōnāriī erant cīvēs Rōmānī, incolae Italiae aut pōvinciārum Rōmānōrum. Equitēs nōn erant cīvēs Rōmānī sed erant mīlitēs aliēnī quī ex aliīs terrīs vēnerant. Mīlitēs legiōnāriī equitibus magnitūdine corporis nōn semper erant parēs sed saepe eōs virtūte superābant. Mīles legiōnārius bene armātus erat. In capite galeam, in corpore lōrīcam, in sinistrā manū scūtum gerēbat. Quae arma eī praesidio erant. In dextrā manū gerēbat grave pīlum, quod longissimē mittere poterat. Habēbat praetereā gladium, quī ā dextrō latere pendēbat. Ubi hostēs proprius vēnerant, mīles legiōnārius pīlum mittēbat. Tum in hostēs dēcurrēbat et cum eīs gladiō pugnābat. Arma equitum erant variōrum generum; nam equitēs ā variīs terrīs vēnerant. Quī summum imperium exercitūs habēbat “dux bellī” appellābātur. Post eius prīmam victōriam “imperātor” appellābātur. Lēgātī erant mīlitēs quī singulās legiōnēs dūcēbant. Eī lēgātī erant nōbilēs magnae virtūtis. Fortissimī autem mīlitum omnium erant centuriōnēs. Erant bellī perītissimī et multōs impetūs in hostēs fēcerant. Nota Bene: Quae arma, These arms; literally, which arms. The qui, quae, quod, may be used as an adjective modifying a noun. When so used at the beginning of a sentence, it is often translated this, these, etc Qui summum imperium exercitus habēbat, He who had the supreme command. The relative qui, quae, quod may be used to mean he who, etc., like English whoever. When so used it is called a double relative, because it is equivalent to the relative and its antecedent. Mīlitēs legiōnāriī erant cīvēs Rōmānī, incolae Italiae aut pōvinciārum Rōmānōrum. Equitēs nōn erant cīvēs Rōmānī sed erant mīlitēs aliēnī quī ex aliīs terrīs vēnerant. Mīlitēs legiōnāriī equitibus magnitūdine corporis nōn semper erant parēs sed saepe eōs virtūte superābant. Mīles legiōnārius bene armātus erat. In capite galeam, in corpore lōrīcam, in sinistrā manū scūtum gerēbat. Quae arma eī praesidio erant. In dextrā manū gerēbat grave pīlum, quod longissimē mittere poterat. Habēbat praetereā gladium, quī ā dextrō latere pendēbat. Ubi hostēs proprius vēnerant, mīles legiōnārius pīlum mittēbat. Tum in hostēs dēcurrēbat et cum eīs gladiō pugnābat. Arma equitum erant variōrum generum; nam equitēs ā variīs terrīs vēnerant. Quī summum imperium exercitūs habēbat “dux bellī” appellābātur. Post eius prīmam victōriam “imperātor” appellābātur. Lēgātī erant mīlitēs quī singulās legiōnēs dūcēbant. Eī lēgātī erant nōbilēs magnae virtūtis. Fortissimī autem mīlitum omnium erant centuriōnēs. Erant bellī perītissimī et multōs impetūs in hostēs fēcerant. Nota Bene: Quae arma, These arms; literally, which arms. The qui, quae, quod, may be used as an adjective modifying a noun. When so used at the beginning of a sentence, it is often translated this, these, etc Qui summum imperium exercitus habēbat, He who had the supreme command. The relative qui, quae, quod may be used to mean he who, etc., like English whoever. When so used it is called a double relative, because it is equivalent to the relative and its antecedent. |
Translation Video |
Chapter 41 Grammar Notes
4th Declension Nouns
So far, we have seen that Latin nouns fall into 3 categories called "Declensions." These Declensions are just a way of grouping together nouns that share the same endings. So, for instance, nouns in the 1st Declension end in "-a," while those in the 2nd Declension end in "-us." Within the Declensions, we have 6 "Cases" which are just the way that the noun is being used in a sentence. Nouns that are the subject of a sentence are said to be in the "Nominative Case."
Remember, the way we know which declension a noun belongs to is by looking at its GENITIVE SINGULAR ending (which will always be listed in the vocabulary). These Genitive Singular endings are unique to each declension:
1st Declension = "-ae"
2nd Declension = "-ī"
3rd Declension = "-is"
There is another Declension in Latin, though, which is called the 4thDeclension. This is not as common as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, but there are still plenty of Latin nouns within it. Just like the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Declension, the 4th Declension uses the 6 cases -- it just has its own set of noun endings.
Remember, the way we know which declension a noun belongs to is by looking at its GENITIVE SINGULAR ending (which will always be listed in the vocabulary). These Genitive Singular endings are unique to each declension:
1st Declension = "-ae"
2nd Declension = "-ī"
3rd Declension = "-is"
There is another Declension in Latin, though, which is called the 4thDeclension. This is not as common as 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, but there are still plenty of Latin nouns within it. Just like the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Declension, the 4th Declension uses the 6 cases -- it just has its own set of noun endings.
The 4th Declension is filled with Latin nouns that use the ending "-ūs" in the Genitive singular. Pay close attention, though, since the Nominative singular form of 4th Declension nouns is "-us." This can be confusing, since they look identical to 2nd Declension nouns. Remember, the way you know what Declension a noun belongs to is by looking at the GENITIVE SINGULAR ending! This will always let you know the difference between 4th and 2nd Declension nouns.
Also, take note that 4th Declension Nouns are usually MASCULINE. Take a look at the chart to the right to see all the endings for 4th Declension nouns. |
Examples of 4th and 5th Declension Nouns
Remember, in a Latin dictionary the word is always listed with four parts: the Nominative Singular, Genitive Singular, Gender, and English translation. Here is how 4th declension nouns will look in a dictionary (again, look at the Genitive Singular ending to know which declension the noun belongs to!):
aestus, -ūs, m., heat
aquaeductus, -ūs, m., aqueduct
arcus, -ūs, m., arch
complexus, -ūs, m., embrace
domus, -ūs, f., house, home
manus, -ūs, f., hand
rīsus, -ūs, m., smile, laugh
senātus, -ūs, m., Senate
sonitus, -ūs, m., sound
strepitus, -ūs, m., noise, clattering
tumultus, -ūs, m., uproar, commotion
Below, you'll find our most up to date noun ending chart, including 4th Declension. Take a look and memorize the endings as best as you can!
aestus, -ūs, m., heat
aquaeductus, -ūs, m., aqueduct
arcus, -ūs, m., arch
complexus, -ūs, m., embrace
domus, -ūs, f., house, home
manus, -ūs, f., hand
rīsus, -ūs, m., smile, laugh
senātus, -ūs, m., Senate
sonitus, -ūs, m., sound
strepitus, -ūs, m., noise, clattering
tumultus, -ūs, m., uproar, commotion
Below, you'll find our most up to date noun ending chart, including 4th Declension. Take a look and memorize the endings as best as you can!
The Dative of Puirpose, Dative of Interest, and Double Dative
Ablative of Specification
In this chapter, we were introduced to another use of the Ablative Case known as the "Ablative of Specification." This is when we use the Ablative Case noun without a preposition to show in what respect something is done. Take a look at the Latin Tutorial video below to see how it works!
Chapter 41 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Decline the Latin phrases for the following: Right wing, foreign cavalry, our house, a fierce attack, the left hand.
II. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Mīlitēs impet___ in hostēs faciēbant.
2. Lēgātī imperātor___ auxilī___ vēnērunt.
3. Mīlitēs lev___ armātur___ auxilia appellābantur.
4. Auctōritās senātōr___ erat maxima.
5. Multī mīlitēs legiōnāriī erant in exercit___.
6. Peditēs celeritat___ nōn erant parēs equitat___.
7. Dux socī___ praesidī___ equitātum mīsit.
8. Natiānēs orbis terrārum virtut___ Rōmānās nōn superābant.
II. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Mīlitēs impet___ in hostēs faciēbant.
2. Lēgātī imperātor___ auxilī___ vēnērunt.
3. Mīlitēs lev___ armātur___ auxilia appellābantur.
4. Auctōritās senātōr___ erat maxima.
5. Multī mīlitēs legiōnāriī erant in exercit___.
6. Peditēs celeritat___ nōn erant parēs equitat___.
7. Dux socī___ praesidī___ equitātum mīsit.
8. Natiānēs orbis terrārum virtut___ Rōmānās nōn superābant.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. The soldiers of light armor, called auxiliaries, were not often sent into battle by Caesar.
2. The cavalry often fought with the enemy's (pl.) cavalry before the battle; after the battle they attacked the fleeing enemy.
3. The cavalry stood in both wings of the army.
4. The legions took their position one at a time and awaited the approaching enemy.
5. The legionary soldiers carried on the battle with their swords.
6. The shield, which was of great protection to the soldier, was carried in his left hand; the sword hung from his right side.
7. The centurions were not equal to the lieutenants in authority, but they often surpassed them in experience.
8. The nations of the world feared the attacks of the Roman armies.
2. The cavalry often fought with the enemy's (pl.) cavalry before the battle; after the battle they attacked the fleeing enemy.
3. The cavalry stood in both wings of the army.
4. The legions took their position one at a time and awaited the approaching enemy.
5. The legionary soldiers carried on the battle with their swords.
6. The shield, which was of great protection to the soldier, was carried in his left hand; the sword hung from his right side.
7. The centurions were not equal to the lieutenants in authority, but they often surpassed them in experience.
8. The nations of the world feared the attacks of the Roman armies.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 41 4th Declension Noun Ending Practice
Chapter 41 Uses of the Dative Case Sentence Translation
Chapter 41 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 41 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 41 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 41 4th Declension Noun Ending Practice
Chapter 41 Uses of the Dative Case Sentence Translation
Chapter 41 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 41 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 41 Noun Ending Chart (All)