Chapter 42 Vocabulary
aciēs, aciēī, f., line of battle
agmen agminis, n., line of march, column aliter, otherwise, differently circiter, about circumveniō, -īre, circumvēnī, circumventus, to surround, encircle claudō, -ere, clausī, clausus, to close cohors, cohortis, cohortium, f., cohort, a tenth part of a legion, containing about 360 men collis, collis, collium, m., hill complūrēs, -a/-ia, several cōnscrībō, -ere, cōnscrīpsī, cōnscrīptus, to enroll, enlist diēs, diēī, m./f., day ēdūcō, -ere, ēdūxī, ēductus, to lead out Helvētius, -a, -um, Helvetian Helvētius, Helvētī, m., a Helvetian |
impedimentum, ī, n., hindrance, interference
impedīmenta, -ōrum, n. pl., heavy baggage, baggage īnstruō, -ere, īnstrūxī, īnstrūctus, to draw up, arrange mīlitāris, -e, military ōrdō, ōrdinis, m., order, rank, row passus, passūs, m., pace proximē, last, nearest, most recently recipiō, -ere, recēpī, receptus, to take back, receive repentīnus, -a, -um, sudden, unexpected rēs, reī, f., thing, affair, event, matter sustineō, -ēre, sustinuī, sustentus, to check, withstand, sustain triplex, triplicis, triple vertō, -ere, vertī, versus, to turn, change veterānus, -a, -um, old, veteran |
Idioms:
prīmum agmen, van, advance guard novissimum agmen, rear, rear guard agmen claudere, to bring up the rear magnum iter, a forced march aliter sē habēre, to be arranged |
castra mūnīre, to build a camp in mediō colle, halfway up the hill rēs militāris, warfare, military science inter sē dare, to exchange sē recipere, to retreat sē vertere, to face about |
Chapter 42 Derivatives
circumvenīre: circumvention, circumvent
claudere: exclude, exclusion, preclude, seclude, claustrophobia, include, conclude, closure, closet, close, recluse cōnscrībere: conscript, conscription diēs: journal, dismal, diary, meridian, day ēdūcere: educate impedimentum: impediment īnstruere: instructor, instruct, instrument |
ōrdō: ordinate, coordinate, ordinal, disorder, subordinate, ordain, ordinary, order
passus: passage, passenger, pass, pace recipere: reception, receptive, receptacle, recipient, receptor, receipt, receive rēs: republic sustinēre: sustenance, sustain vertere: vertigo, introvert, extrovert, advertisement, versus, vertex, vertebra, converse, subvert, versatile, controversy, invert, diverse, vortex, convertible, divert, convert, revert, adversary, conversation |
DĒ ACIĒ TRIPLICĪ ET DĒ AGMINE
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Exercitus Rōmānus ad proelium īnstrūctus aciēs appellābātur. Aciēs Caesaris aciēs triplex appellābātur. Aciēs triplex complūrēs legiōnēs habēbat. Omnis legiō in decem cohortēs dīvīdēbātur. Eae cohortēs ad proelium parātae hōc modō īnstruēbantur. Prīma aciēs quattuor cohortēs habēbat. Mīlitēs prīmae aciēī gerēbant pīla quae prīmō impetū in hostēs mittēbant. Secunda aciēs trēs cohortēs habēbat. Eae cohortēs saepe prīmae aciēī auxiliō mittēbantur. Tertia acies quoque trēs cohortēs habēbat. Tertia aciēs vel prīmam aciem vel secundam aciem magnō in perīculō iuvāre poterat. Mīlitēs quī proximē cōnscrīptī erant reī mīlitāris perītī nōn erant in tertiā aciē conlocābantur. Interdum aciēs triplex circiter octingentōs pedēs pertinēbat. Aciēs legiōnum sex veterānārum quam Caesar in rīpīs Axonae īnstrūxerat circiter mīlle passūs pertinuit. Exercitus Rōmānus, iter faciēns, agmen appellābātur. Aestāte Caesaris mīlitēs, ex hībernīs ēductī, iter multa mīlia passuum in fīnēs hostium faciēbant. Gallia longē aberat et multī diēs consūmēbantur. Eōrum diērum ōrdō agminis sic cōnstituēbātur. Inter singulās legiōnēs erat magnus numerus impedimentorum; itaque legiōnēs auxilium inter sē dare nōn potuerant. Sī, autem, legiōnēs hostibus appropinquābant et perīculum erat maximum, agmen sē aliter habēbat. Veterānae legiōnēs in prīmō agmine conlocābantur; post eās impedīmenta totīus exercitūs conlocābantur; deinde reliquae legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant agmen claudēbant et impedīmentīs praesidiō erant. Cotīdiē mīlitēs castra mūniēbant. Itaque tōtum diem iter facere nōn poterant. Iter quīndecim milium passuum erat illīs diēbus idōneum. Quod sī Caesar in hostēs repentīnum impetum facere voluit, paucōs diēs magna itinera fēcit. Magnīs itineribus Caesar paucīs diēbaus ad hostium castra subitō pervenīre poterat. Notā bene: Axona, Axona, now called Aisne, a river in Belgium Octingentos pedēs, eight hundred feet. The Latin word pēs, pedis was used like the English word foot as a unit of length. Exercitus Rōmānus ad proelium īnstrūctus aciēs appellābātur. Aciēs Caesaris aciēs triplex appellābātur. Aciēs triplex complūrēs legiōnēs habēbat. Omnis legiō in decem cohortēs dīvīdēbātur. Eae cohortēs ad proelium parātae hōc modō īnstruēbantur. Prīma aciēs quattuor cohortēs habēbat. Mīlitēs prīmae aciēī gerēbant pīla quae prīmō impetū in hostēs mittēbant. Secunda aciēs trēs cohortēs habēbat. Eae cohortēs saepe prīmae aciēī auxiliō mittēbantur. Tertia acies quoque trēs cohortēs habēbat. Tertia aciēs vel prīmam aciem vel secundam aciem magnō in perīculō iuvāre poterat. Mīlitēs quī proximē cōnscrīptī erant reī mīlitāris perītī nōn erant in tertiā aciē conlocābantur. Interdum aciēs triplex circiter octingentōs pedēs pertinēbat. Aciēs legiōnum sex veterānārum quam Caesar in rīpīs Axonae īnstrūxerat circiter mīlle passūs pertinuit. Exercitus Rōmānus, iter faciēns, agmen appellābātur. Aestāte Caesaris mīlitēs, ex hībernīs ēductī, iter multa mīlia passuum in fīnēs hostium faciēbant. Gallia longē aberat et multī diēs consūmēbantur. Eōrum diērum ōrdō agminis sic cōnstituēbātur. Inter singulās legiōnēs erat magnus numerus impedimentorum; itaque legiōnēs auxilium inter sē dare nōn potuerant. Sī, autem, legiōnēs hostibus appropinquābant et perīculum erat maximum, agmen sē aliter habēbat. Veterānae legiōnēs in prīmō agmine conlocābantur; post eās impedīmenta totīus exercitūs conlocābantur; deinde reliquae legiōnēs quae proximē cōnscrīptae erant agmen claudēbant et impedīmentīs praesidiō erant. Cotīdiē mīlitēs castra mūniēbant. Itaque tōtum diem iter facere nōn poterant. Iter quīndecim milium passuum erat illīs diēbus idōneum. Quod sī Caesar in hostēs repentīnum impetum facere voluit, paucōs diēs magna itinera fēcit. Magnīs itineribus Caesar paucīs diēbus ad hostium castra subitō pervenīre poterat. Notā bene: Axona, Axona, now called Aisne, a river in Belgium Octingentos pedēs, eight hundred feet. The Latin word pēs, pedis was used like the English word foot as a unit of length. |
Translation Video |
DĒ ACIĒ TRIPLICĪ ET DĒ AGMINE: Responde Latine
1. Quot cohortēs prīma aciēs habēbat?
2. Quid mīlitēs prīmae aciēs gerēbant?
3. Cui cohortēs secundae aciēī auxiliō saepe mittēbantur?
4. Quam aciem tertia aciēs iuvāre poterat?
5. Ubī mīlitēs quī proximē cōnscrīptī erant conlocābantur?
6. Quam longē aciēs triplex interdum pertinēbat?
7. Quam longē aciēs Caesaris pertinuit?
8. Quō nōmine exercitus Rōmānus iter faciēns appellābātur?
9. Quam longē Caesaris mīlitēs iter faciēbant?
10. Cūr cōnsūmēbantur multī diēs?
11. Quālīs erat eōrum diērum ōrdō agminis?
12. Quāle iter erat illīs diēbus idōneum?
13. Quot diēs Caesar magna itinera faciēbat?
14. Quōmodo Caesar ad hostium castra paucīs diēbus pervenīre poterat?
2. Quid mīlitēs prīmae aciēs gerēbant?
3. Cui cohortēs secundae aciēī auxiliō saepe mittēbantur?
4. Quam aciem tertia aciēs iuvāre poterat?
5. Ubī mīlitēs quī proximē cōnscrīptī erant conlocābantur?
6. Quam longē aciēs triplex interdum pertinēbat?
7. Quam longē aciēs Caesaris pertinuit?
8. Quō nōmine exercitus Rōmānus iter faciēns appellābātur?
9. Quam longē Caesaris mīlitēs iter faciēbant?
10. Cūr cōnsūmēbantur multī diēs?
11. Quālīs erat eōrum diērum ōrdō agminis?
12. Quāle iter erat illīs diēbus idōneum?
13. Quot diēs Caesar magna itinera faciēbat?
14. Quōmodo Caesar ad hostium castra paucīs diēbus pervenīre poterat?
DĒ ACIĒ TRIPLICĪ ET DĒ AGMINE: Discussion
- In the sentence Prima acies quattuor cohortēs habēbat in what case is acies? In the sentence Militēs primae aciēi pila gerēbant, in what case is aciēi? What does the genitive singular ending tell about a noun? The genitive singular ending of this word is "-ēī." What is the base? Nouns in "-ēs" whose genitive singular ends in "-ēī" or "-eī" belong to the fifth declension.
- In the first paragraph of the story, find the dative, accusative, and ablative singular of aciēs. Give the ending of each case.
- In the second paragraph of the story, find the nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative plural of dies. Give the ending of each case.
- There are very few nouns in the fifth declension. Only two nouns, rēs and diēs, have forms in all cases, singular and plural. Aciēs has all the forms of the singular, but only nominative and accusative in the plural. The genitive and dative singular end in "-ēī" if the preceding stem ends in a vowel, as the stem di- of diēs, diēī; otherwise, in "-ei" as in rēs, reī.
- Most nouns of the fifth declension are feminine, but diēs is always masculine in the plural and usually so in the singular. It is usually feminine when it denotes an appointed or specified day.
- Learn the following paradigms of nouns in the fifth declension:
- In the sentence Interdum aciēs triplex circiter octingentos pedēs pertinēbat, what phrase tells how far this triple battle line extended? In what case are these words? The phrase means for eight hundred feet or eight hundred feet. An accusative so used expresses the extent of space, and answers the question how far? Compare this accusative with the accusative of duration of time, which answers the question how long? The Latin phrase for how far? is quam longē? The phrase for how long a time is quam diu?
- In the phrase mille passūs, the word mille is an indeclinable adjective modifying passūs and means a thousand. Mile passūs means a thousand paces, that is a Roman mile, which was about 150 yards less than an English mile. A passus was the distance which we should call two steps: the distance, in ordinary walking, between the points at which either foot leaves the ground and is placed upon the ground again; that is, about five feet.
- To express the plural, miles, the phrase milia passuum, thousands of paces, is used. In this phrase milia is a noun and its case depends upon its use in the sentence; passuum is a genitive of the whole. The plural mīlia is a neuter i-stem noun of the third declension and is declined as follows: mīlia, mīlium, mīlibus, mīlia, mīlibus.
DĒ PROELIŌ RŌMĀNŌ
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Caesar aciem in colle īnstruēbat quod mīlitēs ā superiōre locō pīla in hostēs facilius mittere poterant. Clārissimō proeliō Helvēticō Caesar maiōrem partem collis mīlitibus complēvit. In colle mediō triplicem aciem īnstrūxit legiōnum quattuor veterānārum. In summō colle duās legiōnēs quās proximē cōnscrīpserat atque auxilia conlocāvit. Iam Helvētiī prīmae aciēī Caesaris appropinquant. Quod hostēs nōn longē absunt, Caesar signum dat. Statim mīlitēs prīmae aciēī pīla in Helvētiōs venientēs mittunt. Tum omnēs mīlitēs gladiīs diū atque ācriter pugnant. Tandem Helvētiī vulneribus dēfessī ad proximum collem sē recipiunt. Eō in colle aciem īnstruunt. Sed Rōmānī victōriā audācēs ad eum collem currunt et impetum iterum faciunt. Auxilia Helvētiōrum quae erant in novissimō agmine et in prīmō proeliō nōn pugnāverant, Rōmānōs ad eum collem currentēs vident. Poteruntne circumvenīre Rōmānōs in colle pugnantēs? Maximā celeritāte ab novissimō agmine mīlitibus Rōmānīs appropinquant. Nunc Rōmānī sunt inter cōpiās hostium. Sed magna est virtūs Caesaris exercitūs. Prīma et secunda aciēs cum Helvetiīs ācriter pugnat. Tertia aciēs sē vertit et cum Helvetiōrum auxiliīs venientibus pugnat. Tandem Helvētiī impetūs Rōmānōrum nōn diūtius sustinēre possunt. Alterī in summum collem sē recipiunt; alterī ad impedīmenta fugiunt. Etiam ibi fortēs Helvētiī tēla in Rōmānōs appropinquantēs mittunt. Tandem Rōmānī Helvētiōs superant. Propter hanc victōriam Caesar imperātor appellātur. Caesar aciem in colle īnstruēbat quod mīlitēs ā superiōre locō pīla in hostēs facilius mittere poterant. Clārissimō proeliō Helvēticō Caesar maiōrem partem collis mīlitibus complēvit. In colle mediō triplicem aciem īnstrūxit legiōnum quattuor veterānārum. In summō colle duās legiōnēs quās proximē cōnscrīpserat atque auxilia conlocāvit. Iam Helvētiī prīmae aciēī Caesaris appropinquant. Quod hostēs nōn longē absunt, Caesar signum dat. Statim mīlitēs prīmae aciēī pīla in Helvētiōs venientēs mittunt. Tum omnēs mīlitēs gladiīs diū atque ācriter pugnant. Tandem Helvētiī vulneribus dēfessī ad proximum collem sē recipiunt. Eō in colle aciem īnstruunt. Sed Rōmānī victōriā audācēs ad eum collem currunt et impetum iterum faciunt. Auxilia Helvētiōrum quae erant in novissimō agmine et in prīmō proeliō nōn pugnāverant, Rōmānōs ad eum collem currentēs vident. Poteruntne circumvenīre Rōmānōs in colle pugnantēs? Maximā celeritāte ab novissimō agmine mīlitibus Rōmānīs appropinquant. Nunc Rōmānī sunt inter cōpiās hostium. Sed magna est virtūs Caesaris exercitūs. Prīma et secunda aciēs cum Helvetiīs ācriter pugnat. Tertia aciēs sē vertit et cum Helvetiōrum auxiliīs venientibus pugnat. Tandem Helvētiī impetūs Rōmānōrum nōn diūtius sustinēre possunt. Alterī in summum collem sē recipiunt; alterī ad impedīmenta fugiunt. Etiam ibi fortēs Helvētiī tēla in Rōmānōs appropinquantēs mittunt. Tandem Rōmānī Helvētiōs superant. Propter hanc victōriam Caesar imperātor appellātur. |
Translation Video |
Chapter 42 Grammar Notes
5th Declension Nouns
The 5th Declension is filled with Latin nouns that use the ending "-eī" in the Genitive singular. Pay attention, though, since the 5th Declension has some endings that are identical to the 3rd Declension. Again, this is why it's so important to know what Declension a noun belongs to! 5th Declension Nouns are usually FEMININE. Take a look at the chart to the right to see all the endings for 5th Declension nouns.
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Full Noun Ending Chart
Now that you've seen the endings for 4th and 5th Declension nouns, we can put together our entire Noun Ending Chart -- don't worry, there are only 5 Declensions so this is the last version of the chart you will ever need!
Accusative of Extent of Space
Chapter 42 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Decline the Latin phrases for the following: Short day, military science, small band, long row, light feather, great hindrance.
II. Write the Latin for the following phrases showing extent of space: A mile, two miles, three miles, four miles, ten miles, twenty miles, ten feet, three feet, fourteen feet.
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Centuriō Rōmānus erat perītissimus r___ mīlitāris.
2. Multās r___ dīxit.
3. Ēō dī___ exercitūs quīndecim mil___ pass___ iter fēcit.
4. Eae r___ mīlitibus nūntiābantur.
5. Tōtum dī___ tertia aciēs nõn pugnāvit.
6. Paucīs dī___ mīlitēs domum pervenient.
7. Multa dē mōribus illōrum dī___ scrīpta sunt.
8. Duōs dī___ fābulās dē mōribus Romanõrum legimus.
II. Write the Latin for the following phrases showing extent of space: A mile, two miles, three miles, four miles, ten miles, twenty miles, ten feet, three feet, fourteen feet.
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Centuriō Rōmānus erat perītissimus r___ mīlitāris.
2. Multās r___ dīxit.
3. Ēō dī___ exercitūs quīndecim mil___ pass___ iter fēcit.
4. Eae r___ mīlitibus nūntiābantur.
5. Tōtum dī___ tertia aciēs nõn pugnāvit.
6. Paucīs dī___ mīlitēs domum pervenient.
7. Multa dē mōribus illōrum dī___ scrīpta sunt.
8. Duōs dī___ fābulās dē mōribus Romanõrum legimus.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Caesar led his legions out of camp and drew up a triple line of battle on the hill.
2. The veteran soldiers, skilled in military science, were placed in the first rank.
3. The cohorts of the third line of battle served as (were for) a protection to the second line of battle.
4. The enemy (pl.) will not be able to surround our (men) because they cannot withstand their sudden attacks.
5. And so they face about and retreat about a mile.
6. The line of march of those days extended for several miles.
7. The veteran soldiers marched in the van.
8. Those who had been last enrolled brought up the rear.
9. The baggage of a legion was placed behind it.
10. At this time the line of march was arranged differently, because Caesar was approaching the enemy.
2. The veteran soldiers, skilled in military science, were placed in the first rank.
3. The cohorts of the third line of battle served as (were for) a protection to the second line of battle.
4. The enemy (pl.) will not be able to surround our (men) because they cannot withstand their sudden attacks.
5. And so they face about and retreat about a mile.
6. The line of march of those days extended for several miles.
7. The veteran soldiers marched in the van.
8. Those who had been last enrolled brought up the rear.
9. The baggage of a legion was placed behind it.
10. At this time the line of march was arranged differently, because Caesar was approaching the enemy.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 42 5th Declension Noun Ending Practice
Chapter 42 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 42 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 42 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 42 5th Declension Noun Ending Practice
Chapter 42 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 42 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 42 Noun Ending Chart (All)