Chapter 44 Vocabulary
amīcitia, -ae, f., friendship
conciliō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to secure, win coniūrātiō, coniūrātiōnis, f., league, conspiracy cōnscīscō, -ere, cōnscīvī, cōnscītus, to decree, determine crēdō, -ere, crēdidī, crēditus, to believe dēcēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessūrus, to go away, withdraw dēferō, dēferre, dētulī, dēlātus, to carry down; report difficultās, difficultātis, f., difficulty, trouble dubius, -a, -um, doubtful fortitūdō, fortitūdinis, f., bravery, courage nātūra, -ae, f., nature, character |
nōbilitās, nōbilitātis, f., nobility, the nobles
ōrātiō, ōrātiōnis, f., speech permoveō, -ēre, permōvī, permōtus, to move, influence, induce prīncipātus, -ūs, m., leadership, the first place quondam, formerly, once sentiō, -īre, sēnsī, sēnsus, to feel, perceive, realize, experience spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to hope, expect supplicium, supplicī, n., punishment, penalty, distress |
Idioms:
suppliciō afficere, to subject to penalty, punish sibi mortem cōnscīscere, to commit suicide ōrātiōnem habēre, to make a speech |
sine dubiō, doubtless nātūra locī, natural features, topography dē vītā dēcēdere, to die |
Chapter 44 Derivatives
conciliāre: conciliation, reconciliation, conciliate, reconcile
crēdere: credible, credit, creditor, credence, credential, credo, credulous dēcēdere: predecessor, decease dēferre: defer dubius: dubious, doubt |
fortitūdō: fortitude, fortitudinous
nātūra: natural, supernatural, nature nōbilitās: nobility ōrātiō: oration, orator sentīre: sentient, sensory, sentinel, consensus, consent, resent, sensibility, sentiment, sensible, sense, sentence spērāre: desperate, despair, desperation |
DĒ ORGETORĪGE I
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Apud Helvētiōs Orgetorīx est prīnceps longē nōbillimus et potentissimus. Is, rēgnī cupiditāte adductus, coniurātiōnem nōbilitātis facit. Cuius coniūrātiōnis dux esse vult. Ad nōbilēs hanc ōrātiōnem habet: “Cīvitās Helvētia, nostra patria, loci nātūrā continētur. Helvētiī undique flūminibus montibusque continentur. Helvētiī, hominēs maximae audāciae, sunt bellī cupidī, sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre possunt. Glōria bellī et fortitūdinis quondam fuit maxima sed mox minima erit. Helvētiī sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et lātiōrēs finēs petere possunt. Sīc fīnēs sibi magis idōneōs obtinēbunt. “Rōmānī autem magnam partem Galliae iam superāvērunt. Prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre volunt. Rōmānī fortasse ab itinere nōs prohibēre temptābunt. Multae nātiōnēs autem ab Helvetiīs victae sunt. Exercitus Rōmānus quidem ab eīs quondam victus est. Sine dubiō cōpiae Helvētiōrum eum iterum vincent.” Alius Helvētius, frāter Orgetorīgis, Rōmānīs amīcus, hanc ōrātiōnem audit et Caesarī dēfert: “Orgetorīx dīcit cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continēri. Dēmōnstrat Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus continērī. Cōnfirmat Helvētiōs, hominēs maximae audāciae, bellī esse cupidōs sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre posse. Nōbilibus nostrīs nārrat eōrum glōriam bellī fortitūdinis fuisse maximam sed mox futūram esse minimam. Putat Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et fīnēs lātiōrēs petere posse; sīc sibi fīnēs magis idōneōs obtentūrōs esse. Dīcit Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse et prīncipātum tōtius Galliae obtinēre velle. Putat Rōmānōs fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre temptātūrōs esse. Scit autem multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs victās esse et exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam victum esse. Spērat cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse. Nota Bene: Cuius coniūrātiōnis, of this league Coniūrātiō, sometimes means conspiracy; but league is often better translation Apud Helvētiōs Orgetorīx est prīnceps longē nōbillimus et potentissimus. Is, rēgnī cupiditāte adductus, coniurātiōnem nōbilitātis facit. Cuius coniūrātiōnis dux esse vult. Ad nōbilēs hanc ōrātiōnem habet: “Cīvitās Helvētia, nostra patria, loci nātūrā continētur. Helvētiī undique flūminibus montibusque continentur. Helvētiī, hominēs maximae audāciae, sunt bellī cupidī, sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre possunt. Glōria bellī et fortitūdinis quondam fuit maxima sed mox minima erit. Helvētiī sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et lātiōrēs finēs petere possunt. Sīc fīnēs sibi magis idōneōs obtinēbunt. “Rōmānī autem magnam partem Galliae iam superāvērunt. Prīncipātum tōtīus Galliae obtinēre volunt. Rōmānī fortasse ab itinere nōs prohibēre temptābunt. Multae nātiōnēs autem ab Helvetiīs victae sunt. Exercitus Rōmānus quidem ab eīs quondam victus est. Sine dubiō cōpiae Helvētiōrum eum iterum vincent.” Alius Helvētius, frāter Orgetorīgis, Rōmānīs amīcus, hanc ōrātiōnem audit et Caesarī dēfert: “Orgetorīx dīcit cīvitātem Helvētiam locī nātūrā continēri. Dēmōnstrat Helvētiōs undique flūminibus et montibus continērī. Cōnfirmat Helvētiōs, hominēs maximae audāciae, bellī esse cupidōs sed propter angustōs fīnēs fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre posse. Nōbilibus nostrīs nārrat eōrum glōriam bellī fortitūdinis fuisse maximam sed mox futūram esse minimam. Putat Helvētiōs sine difficultāte dē fīnibus suīs exīre et fīnēs lātiōrēs petere posse; sīc sibi fīnēs magis idōneōs obtentūrōs esse. Dīcit Rōmānōs ipsōs magnam partem Galliae iam superāvisse et prīncipātum tōtius Galliae obtinēre velle. Putat Rōmānōs fortasse eōs ab itinere prohibēre temptātūrōs esse. Scit autem multās nātiōnēs ab Helvētiīs victās esse et exercitum Rōmānum quidem ab eīs quondam victum esse. Spērat cōpiās Helvētiōrum Rōmānōs iterum victūrās esse. Nota Bene: Cuius coniūrātiōnis, of this league Coniūrātiō, sometimes means conspiracy; but league is often better translation |
Translation Video |
DĒ ORGETORĪGE I: Responde Latine
1. Quōmodo Helvētia continētur?
2. Quōmodo Helvētiī continentur? 3. Quālēs sunt Helvētiī? 4. Quā dē causā fīnitimīs bellum nōn facile īnferre possunt? 5. Quālīs fuit glōria bellī et fortitūdinis? 6. Quālīs erit glōria bellī et fortitūdinis? 7. Quid Helvētiī sine difficultāte agere possunt? 8. Quid petere possunt? 9. Quid obtinēbunt? 10. Quid Rōmānī iam superāvērunt? 11. Quid obtinēre volunt? 12. Quid agere temptābunt? 13. Nõnne multae natianēs ab Helvētiīs vīctae sunt? |
14. Nõnne exercitus Rōmānus ab eīs victus est?
15. Quid cōpiae Helvētiōrum iterum vincent? 16. Quid Orgetorix dīcit dē cīvitāte Helvētiā? 17. Quid dē Helvētiīs dēmōnstrat? 18. Quid cōnfirmat dē Helvētiīs? 19. Putatne Helvētiōs fīnitimīs bellum īnferre posse? 20. Quid nārrat dē glòria bellī et fortitūdinis? 21. Putatne Helvētiōs dē fīnibus exīre posse? 22. Putatne Helvētiōs fīnēs lātiōrēs petere posse? 23. Quid putat Orgetorix Helvētiōs obtentūrōs esse? 24. Quid dīcit Orgetorix dē Rōmānīs? 25. Quid scit Orgetorix? 26. Quid spērat? |
DĒ ORGETORĪGE I: Discussion
- The second and third paragraphs of the story Dē Orgetorige I contain the actual words of Orgetorix. Simple statements of fact are made, in present, past, and future time.
- Make three wide columns on a sheet of paper headed, respectively, Present tense, Perfect tense, and Future tense, and enter the principal verbs of these two paragraphs, with their subjects, in the columns which correspond to their tenses. In which case is the subject of each verb?
- In the last paragraph of the story, the speech of Orgetorix is being reported to Caesar. The exact words of Orgetorix are not used, but each sentence is introduced by a word meaning say, think, perceive, or the like. Compare the first sentence of the last paragraph with the first sentence of the second paragraph. In what words do changes occur? To what case has cīvitās Helvētia been changed? To what form has continētur been changed? Write civitātem Helvētiam continēri in the first column under civitās Helvetia continētur. In the second sentence what changes occur? Place these forms under the original forms in the first column. In the third sentence to what case is gloria changed? To what forms are fuit and erit changed? Place these forms under the corresponding original forms. Continue this comparison throughout the story and place the new forms under the original forms in their respective columns.
- In the first column, to what case has the nominative case been changed? To what form has the verb in the indicative mood been changed? The nominative case has become accusative and the present indicative has become present infinitive. The infinitive is active or passive according to the voice of the indicative verb.
- In the second column the subjects have again become accusatives and the verbs have again become infinitives. In what tense were the original verbs? What is the tense of the infinitives in this column? The perfect active infinitives have what ending? Upon what stem are they made? The perfect passive infinitives are made in what way? What is the agreement of the participial part of the infinitive?
- In the third column find four future active infinitive forms corresponding to the future indicative active forms. How are they made? How does the participial part of the infinitive agree?
- Words or thoughts of a person quoted without change are said to be direct discourse; as, Orgetorix dīcit Helvētii sunt belli cupidi, Orgetorix says, "The Helvetians are anxious for war." Words or thoughts of a person, if made to depend upon a verb of saying, thinking, or the like, are said to be indirect discourse or in indirect discourse; as Orgetorix dicit Helvētiös belli esse cupidos, Orgetorix says that the Helvetians are anxious for war. Specifically if a clause originally in the form of a statement is changed to indirect discourse, it is called an indirect statement.
- The verb in indirect statement is in the infinitive and its subject is in the accusative. The infinitive must have the tense it would have had if used in a direct statement; as, continētur becomes continērī; victae sunt becomes victās esse; vincent becomes victūros esse.
- Observe that the tense of the infinitive is relative to that of the main verb. That is, if the action of the infinitive occurs at the same time as the action of the main verb, the tense of the infinitive must be present; if the action of the infinitive takes place before the action of the main verb, the tense of the infinitive must be perfect; and if the action of the infinitive is to take place after the time of the main verb, the tense of the infinitive must be future. The following sentences illustrate this principle:
- In the English translation of a clause in indirect discourse, an introductory word that is sometimes used, sometimes not used: He says the man is coming. In Latin, when the infinitive is used, there is no word corresponding to that.
- The rules for forming the infinitives are as follows:
- In the perfect passive infinitive and the future active infinitive, which are made up of a participle and esse, the participial part is inflected and must agree in gender, number, and case, with its subject; as, putat Romānos temptātūros esse; spērat copiās victuras esse; scit exercitum victum esse. The future active infinitive is often written without esse; as putat Romānos temptātūros; spērat copias victūrās. In the future passive infinitive, the supine, ending in "-um", is not inflected: captum iri. This infinitive is seldom used.
Reading Lesson: DĒ ORGETORĪGE II
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Helvetiī hāc ōrātiōne adductī et auctōritāte Orgetorīgis permōtī omnibus cum cōpiīs dē fīnibus suīs exīre cōnstituērunt. Putāvērunt necesse esse cum proximīs cīvitātibus pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre. Orgetorīx ipse ad proximās cīvitātēs iit. Is ad nōbilēs ōrātiōnem habuit et coniūrātiōnem fēcit. Casticus, prīnceps Sēquanōrum, sē rēgnum in cīvitāte suā occupātūrum esse cōnfirmāvit. Dumnorīx, Haeduus, dīxit sē quoque rēgnum in suā cīvitāte obtentūrum esse. Orgetorīx illīs probāvit esse facile haec perficere. Dīxit sē suae cīvitātis imperium obtentūrum esse; tum suīs cōpiīs suōque exercitū illīs rēgnā sē conciliātūrum esse cōnfirmāvit. Hī trēs nōbilēs sē prīncipātum tōt īus Galliae obtinēre posse spērāvērunt. Brevī tempore Helvētiī intellexērunt Orgetorīgem coniūrātiōnem fēcisse et rēgem fierī sperāre. Crēdidērunt eum esse hostem; itaque cōnstituērunt necesse esse suppliciō eum afficere. Sed paulō post Orgetorīx perterritus dē vītā dēcessit. Omnēs sēnsērunt eum sibi mortem cōnscīvisse. Helvetiī hāc ōrātiōne adductī et auctōritāte Orgetorīgis permōtī omnibus cum cōpiīs dē fīnibus suīs exīre cōnstituērunt. Putāvērunt necesse esse cum proximīs cīvitātibus pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre. Orgetorīx ipse ad proximās cīvitātēs iit. Is ad nōbilēs ōrātiōnem habuit et coniūrātiōnem fēcit. Casticus, prīnceps Sēquanōrum, sē rēgnum in cīvitāte suā occupātūrum esse cōnfirmāvit. Dumnorīx, Haeduus, dīxit sē quoque rēgnum in suā cīvitāte obtentūrum esse. Orgetorīx illīs probāvit esse facile haec perficere. Dīxit sē suae cīvitātis imperium obtentūrum esse; tum suīs cōpiīs suōque exercitū illīs rēgna sē conciliātūrum esse cōnfirmāvit. Hī trēs nōbilēs sē prīncipātum tōtius Galliae obtinēre posse spērāvērunt. Brevī tempore Helvētiī intellexērunt Orgetorīgem coniūrātiōnem fēcisse et rēgem fierī sperāre. Crēdidērunt eum esse hostem; itaque cōnstituērunt necesse esse suppliciō eum afficere. Sed paulō post Orgetorīx perterritus dē vītā dēcessit. Omnēs sēnsērunt eum sibi mortem cōnscīvisse. |
Translation Video |
Chapter 44 Grammar Notes
Indirect Discourse
Before we dive too far into this chapter's grammar, we need to unpack th different between a "Direct" and "Indirect" statement. What do these mean?
Examples:
In Latin, the indirect statement is very common. It is often used after verbs of thinking, saying, feeling, and sensing. Indirect Statements are different in that the subject is in the Accusative Case and the verb is in the Infinitive.
- A Direct Statement is a direct quote from one person to another. The direct statement is always in quotation marks:
- Caesar says, "My city is in danger."
- An Indirect Statement is the reporting of a message without directly quoting the words used:
- Caesar said (that) his city was in danger.
- The quoted words need to become a subordinate clause introduced by "that." The word "that" is often omitted
- If the direct quote has pronouns or possessive adjectives, they need to be modified ("my" becomes "his" in our example above)
- The tense of the verb needs to change to maintain the time sequence
Examples:
- Direct Statement: Caesar said, "My city is in danger."
- Indirect Statement: Caesar said (that) his city was in danger.
- Direct Statement: Caesar said, "My city was in danger."
- Indirect Statement: Caesar said (that) his city had been in danger.
- Direct Statement: Caesar said, "My city will be in danger."
- Indirect Statement: Caesar said (that) his city would be in danger.
In Latin, the indirect statement is very common. It is often used after verbs of thinking, saying, feeling, and sensing. Indirect Statements are different in that the subject is in the Accusative Case and the verb is in the Infinitive.
- Caesar says (that) he came, he saw, he conquered.
- Caesar dīcit sē vēnisse, vīdisse, vīcisse.
- Cicero said (that) his city was in danger.
- Cicerō dīxit suam urbem esse in perīculō.
All Infinitives: Active and Passive
As we just saw above, Indirect Statement in Latin uses the Infinitive in its construction. The Infinitive used doesn't have to only be Present Tense, though, you can also use Perfect or Future Infinitives, too. Before we continue our discussion on Indirect Statement, take a look at the Latin Tutorial video below to review the forms of the Latin Infinitive:
As mentioned above, the Perfect and Future Infinitives are also used in Indirect Statement in Latin. Take a look at the sentences below:
Marcus putat Romam esse in periculo. Marcus thinks that Rome is in danger. (Present Infinitive)
Marcus putat Romam fuisse in periculo. Marcus thinks that Rome was in danger. (Perfect Infinitive)
Marcus putat Romam futuram esse in periculo. Marcus thinks that Rome will be in danger. (Future Infinitive)
Nota Bene!
When we use the Present Infinitive in Indirect Statement, we are showing an action that will take place AT THE SAME TIME AS the main verb.
When we use the Perfect Infinitive in Indirect Statement, we are showing an action that will take place BEFORE the main verb.
When we use the Future Infinitive in Indirect Statement, we are showing an action that will take place AFTER the main verb.
Chapter 44 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give and translate all the infinitives of the following verbs (do not give passive forms for eo, sum, possum, and volo): putō, perterreō, dīcō, dō, habeō, cōgō, sentiō, ferō, eō, possum, volō (wish), sum
II. Write in Latin:
1. I realize that he is coming.
2. You feel that she will come.
3. He thinks that they will come.
4. We thought that they had been won.
5. You thought that they would come.
6. I thought that they were being won.
7. She knows that he is withdrawing.
8. I shall see that he has gone.
9. I hope that the town will be beautiful.
10. We understood that the nobility were willing to go.
II. Write in Latin:
1. I realize that he is coming.
2. You feel that she will come.
3. He thinks that they will come.
4. We thought that they had been won.
5. You thought that they would come.
6. I thought that they were being won.
7. She knows that he is withdrawing.
8. I shall see that he has gone.
9. I hope that the town will be beautiful.
10. We understood that the nobility were willing to go.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Did you realize that the Helvetians had always been hemmed in by natural features (nature of the place)?
2. Orgetorix says that the bravery of the Helvetians is very great.
3. He hoped that they would withdraw from their country.
4. He thinks that he can win the leadership of all Gaul.
5. Does he think that he will win the friendship of the enemy without difficulty?
6. A messenger reported that the nobility had been summoned and that a league was being made.
7. The nobles, moved by his speech, felt that they ought to go out from home as quickly as possible.
8. The Helvetians believed without a doubt that the wretched man had committed suicide.
2. Orgetorix says that the bravery of the Helvetians is very great.
3. He hoped that they would withdraw from their country.
4. He thinks that he can win the leadership of all Gaul.
5. Does he think that he will win the friendship of the enemy without difficulty?
6. A messenger reported that the nobility had been summoned and that a league was being made.
7. The nobles, moved by his speech, felt that they ought to go out from home as quickly as possible.
8. The Helvetians believed without a doubt that the wretched man had committed suicide.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 44 Indirect Statement Translation Practice
Chapter 44 Infinitive Formation Practice
Chapter 44 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 44 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 44 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 44 Indirect Statement Translation Practice
Chapter 44 Infinitive Formation Practice
Chapter 44 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 44 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 44 Noun Ending Chart (All)