Chapter 45 Vocabulary
adventus, -ūs, m., arrival, approach
angustiae, angustiārum, f. pl., narrowness; defile, a pass arbitror, -ārī, -ātus sum, to think, suppose, consider concilium, concilī, n., council, assembly cōnor, -ārī, -ātus sum, to attempt, try convocō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to summon, assemble, call together invītus, -a, -um, unwilling negō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to deny, say not omnīnō, in all, only patior, patī, passus sum, to allow, permit, suffer |
polliceō, pollicērī, pollicitus sum, to promise, offer
potior, potīrī, potītus sum, to obtain, get possession or control of prīvātus, -a, -um, private profectiō, profectiōnis, f., departure proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum, to set out, depart, start trānseō, -īre, trānsiī, trānsitūrus, to go over, cross ūnā, together ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum, to use, employ vereor, verērī, veritus sum, to fear vīcus, -ī, m., village |
Idioms:
plūrimum posse, to have very great influence, to be very powerful
nihilo minus, none the less, nevertheless
ūnā cum, along with, together with
plūrimum posse, to have very great influence, to be very powerful
nihilo minus, none the less, nevertheless
ūnā cum, along with, together with
Chapter 45 Derivatives
adventus: advent
angustiae: anguish concilium: council, conciliate convocāre: convoke, convocation negāre: negate, negation, negatory, negative, renege patī: passion, compassion, passive |
prīvātus: private, privy
trānsīre: transition, transit, transitory, intransitive, transient, trance ūtī: utilize, use, utensil, utility, abuse verērī: revere, reverence vīcus: vicinity |
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM PROFECTIŌNE
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Post Orgetorīgis mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī cōnsilia perficere cōnantur; nam sē maiōre parte Galliae facile potītūrōs esse spērant. Itaque cum omnibus cōpiīs domō proficīscī cōnstituunt. Sunt hominēs maximae audāciae; neque angustiās itineris neque hostēs bellicōsōs verentur. Ubi sē ad eam rem parātōs esse arbitrātī sunt, oppida sua omnia, vīcōs omnēs, prīvāta aedificia incendunt. Fīnitimī eōdem cōnsiliō ūtī et ūnā cum Helvētiīs proficīscī cōnstituunt. Sunt omnīnō itinera duō: ūnum angustum et difficile inter montem Iūram et flūmen Rhōdanum pertinet; alterum multō facilius per prōvinciam Rōmānam pertinet. Omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs Helvētiī diem dīcunt. Omnēs pollicentur sē eā diē ad rīpam Rhodanī conventūros esse. Caesar, hīs rēbus nūntiātīs, Rōmā proficīscitur et maximīs itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit. Brevī tempore ad flūmen Rhodanum pervenit. Maximō mīlitum numerō conlātō pontem quī est in Rhodanō dēlērī iubet. Caesaris adventū cognitō Helvētiī celeriter concilium convocant, et lēgātōs ad Caesarem nōbilissimōs cīvitātis mittunt. Lēgātī dīcunt Helvētiōs, Caesare volente, iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam facere velle. Eīs audītīs Caesar negat sē posse iter per prōvinciam ūllī dare. Caesare invītō, Helvētiī tamen flūmen trānsīre cōnantur. Id facere nōn possunt. Relinquitur ūna per Sēquanōs via. Sēquanīs invītīs, autem, īre nōn poterunt. Dumnorīx apud Sēquanōs plurimum potest et Helvētiīs est amīcus. Helvētiī spērant Dumnorīge duce Sēquanōs sibi iter datūrōs esse. Nōn frūstrā spērant; nam Sēquanī Helvētiōs īre patiuntur. Post Orgetorīgis mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī cōnsilia perficere cōnantur; nam sē maiōre parte Galliae facile potītūrōs esse spērant. Itaque cum omnibus cōpiīs domō proficīscī cōnstituunt. Sunt hominēs maximae audāciae; neque angustiās itineris neque hostēs bellicōsōs verentur. Ubi sē ad eam rem parātōs esse arbitrātī sunt, oppida sua omnia, vīcōs omnēs, prīvāta aedificia incendunt. Fīnitimī eōdem cōnsiliō ūtī et ūnā cum Helvētiīs proficīscī cōnstituunt. Sunt omnīnō itinera duō: ūnum angustum et difficile inter montem Iūram et flūmen Rhōdanum pertinet; alterum multō facilius per prōvinciam Rōmānam pertinet. Omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātīs Helvētiī diem dīcunt. Omnēs pollicentur sē eā diē ad rīpam Rhodanī conventūros esse. Caesar, hīs rēbus nūntiātīs, Rōmā proficīscitur et maximīs itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit. Brevī tempore ad flūmen Rhodanum pervenit. Maximō mīlitum numerō conlātō pontem quī est in Rhodanō dēlērī iubet. Caesaris adventū cognitō Helvētiī celeriter concilium convocant, et lēgātōs ad Caesarem nōbilissimōs cīvitātis mittunt. Lēgātī dīcunt Helvētiōs, Caesare volente, iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam facere velle. Eīs audītīs Caesar negat sē posse iter per prōvinciam ūllī dare. Caesare invītō, Helvētiī tamen flūmen trānsīre cōnantur. Id facere nōn possunt. Relinquitur ūna per Sēquanōs via. Sēquanīs invītīs, autem, īre nōn poterunt. Dumnorīx apud Sēquanōs plurimum potest et Helvētiīs est amīcus. Helvētiī spērant Dumnorīge duce Sēquanōs sibi iter datūrōs esse. Nōn frūstrā spērant; nam Sēquanī Helvētiōs īre patiuntur. |
Translation Video |
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM PROFECTIŌNE: Responde Latine
1. Quid Helvētiī agere cōnantur?
2. Quid Helvētiī spērant? 3. Unde proficīscī cōnstituunt? 4. Num hostēs bellicōsās verentur? 5. Quid fīnitimī agere cōnstituunt? 6. Quō factō Caesar Rama proficīscitur? |
7. Quō factō Caesar pontem dēlērī iubet?
8. Quō factō Helvētiī celeriter concilium convocant? 9. Caesare volente quid Helvētiī agere volunt? 10. Caesare invītō quid Helvētiī facere cōnantur? 11. Dumnorige duce quid Helvētiī spērant? 12. Nōnne Sēquanī Helvētiōs īre patiuntur? |
Nota Bene:
Quō factō, under what circumstances? Literally what having been done? after what has been done?
Quō factō, under what circumstances? Literally what having been done? after what has been done?
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM PROFECTIŌNE: Discussion
- In the sentence Post Orgetorigis mortem nihilo minus Helvētii consilia perficere conantur, is conantur active or passive in form? In what conjugation is it? Does the meaning as expressed in English correspond to the form? In the sentence Itaque cum omnibus copiis domo proficisci constituunt, is proficisci active or passive in form? In what conjugation is it? Does the meaning as expressed in English have a corresponding form? Find other verbs in the first paragraph of Dē Helvētiorum Profectione that have passive forms with active meanings. State the conjugation of each verb.
- Such verbs are called deponent verbs or simply deponents. A deponent verb is one in which the personal forms are passive, but the meaning is active. The future infinitive and future active participle of deponents are active in both form and meaning. A deponent has no perfect indicative active, and therefore has only three principal parts; the conjugation, as with other verbs, is indicated by the infinitive, though the infinitive endings for the various conjugations are passive in form: -ārī, -ērī, -ī, -īrī. Deponent verbs are conjugated regularly according to the forms of the passive voice in their respective conjugations.
- The principal parts of deponent verbs are given as follows:
- In the sentence Helvētiī sē maiore parte Galliae facile potītūros esse sperant, what phrase tells what the Helvetians hope to obtain? In what case is parte? In the sentence Finitimi eodem consilio ūti constituunt, what words tell what the neighbors decide to use? In what case is consilio? The deponents ūtor and potior govern the ablative. A few other less common deponents also govern the ablative. Such an ablative, though it is translated into English as if it were the direct object of a verb, is really an ablative of means. Thus, eodem consilio ūtuntur means, literally, they benefit themselves by the same plan; maiore parte Galliae potiuntur means, they make themselves powerful by the greater part of Gaul.
- In the sentence Omnibus rēbus ad profectionem comparātīs Helvētiī diem dicunt, what phrase tells under what circumstances the Helvetians appoint the day? What part of speech is rēbus comparātis? In what case are these words? In the sentence Legāti dicunt Helvētios Caesare volente, iter per provinciam Romānam facere velle, what phrase tells under what condition the Helvetians wish to march through the Roman province? What part of speech is Caesare volente? In what case are these words? In the sentence Caesare invīto Helvētii tamen flūmen transire conantur, what phrase tells in spite of what the Helvetians attempt to cross? What part of speech is Caesare invito? In what case are these words? In the sentence Helvetii spērant Dumnorige duce Sēquanos sibi iter datūros esse, what phrase tells under what circumstances the Sequanians will give the Helvetians permission to pass? What part of speech is Dumnorige duce? In what case are these words?
- Each of these ablative constructions tells the time, circumstances, or conditions under which or in spite of which the action of the main verb takes place. An ablative so used is called an ablative absolute. The ablative absolute often consists a noun and a participle; as, omnibus rēbus comparātis, or Caesare volente. It may also consist of a noun and an adjective; as, Caesare invito, or a noun and a second noun, as, Dumnorige duce. The noun, or the first noun if there are two, may be considered the subject of the phrase. A pronoun may be used as subject instead of a noun. The subject in an ablative absolute denotes a different person or thing from the subject or object of the main verb.
- An ablative absolute can often be translated by a clause denoting time (introduced by when, after, while); cause (introduced by because, since); opposition (introduced by although) or condition (introduced by if).
Chapter 45 Grammar Notes
Deponent Verbs
In this chapter, you will learn to recognize what we call "deponent verbs." Simply put, these are Latin verbs with PASSIVE endings, but ACTIVE meanings. This term comes from the Latin "dēpōnō, dēpōnere, to lay aside" in the sense that they've laid aside their passive meanings, but held on to their passive forms.
Take a look at the examples of deponent verbs below:
Take a look at the examples of deponent verbs below:
Eucleidēs effugere cōnātus est.
Praedōnēs eum cōnsecūtī sunt. Sed ad lūdum īre vereor. Semper loqueris. Grammaticus mē experītur. Brundisiō proficīscētur. Tempus est proficīscī. |
Eucleides tried to escape.
The robbers overtook him. But I am afraid to go to school. You are always talking. The teacher tests me. He will set out from Brundisium. It is time to set out. |
Notice how the highlighted verbs are deponent -- they use passive endings (ex. "vereor") but have active meanings (I am afraid)! Take a look at the Latin Tutorial video below to get a better sense of Deponent Verbs and how they work...
A Few Notes on Deponent Verbs
1. Deponent Verbs can be found in all four conjugations. Just be sure to conjugate them with our usual passive voice endings!
2. Deponent Verbs only have 3 principal parts. They do not have a perfect passive participle, because they are translated ACTIVELY. Instead, the participle form appears in the 3rd principal part as a perfect active participle to form deponent verbs in the Perfect Tense.
1st Principal Part: 1st Person Singular, Present Tense (ex. cōnor, I try, am trying, do try)
2nd Principal Part: Present Infinitive (ex. cōnārī, to try)
3rd Principal Part: 1st Person Singular, Perfect Tense (ex. cōnātus sum, I tried)
3. The perfect participle of a deponent verb also has passive forms but active meanings:
Puerī in viās urbis ēgressī mox lūdō appropinquābant.
The boys, having gone out into the streets of the city, soon were approaching the school.
4. Deponent Verbs can still be transitive and use Direct Objects (Accusative Case):
Ille grammaticus mē experītur.
The teacher tests me.
Deponent Verb Chart
Nota Bene:
- The Singular Imperative form of deponent verbs is the same as the Present Active Infinitive form of non-deponent verbs (-āre, -ēre, -ere, -īre) - so it's important to pay attention to whether your verb is Deponent!
Here is a list of the deponent verbs, just so you can get used to recognizing them:
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum, to try
moror, morārī, morātus sum, to delay, remain, stay
vereor, verērī, veritus sum, to fear
collābor, collābī, collāpsus sum, to collapse
cōnsequor, cōnsequī, cōnsecūtus sum, to catch up, overtake
loquor, loquī, locūtus sum, to speak
proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum, to set out, leave
sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, to follow
ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum, to go out, leave
ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum, to go in, enter
regredior, regredī, regressus sum, to
experior, experīrī, expertus sum, to test, try
The Ablative Absolute
Back in Chapter 35 we learned all about participles and how they can be used. There is another way to use participles in Latin, though, which is a very common construction known as the "Ablative Absolute". Take a look at this sentence from our chapter story:
Omnibus rēbus ad profectionem comparātīs Helvētiī diem dicunt.
With all things having been prepared for the departure, the Helvetii name the day.
With all things having been prepared for the departure, the Helvetii name the day.
Here, the participle "comparātīs" is not agreeing with the subject of the sentence (Helvetii) or with a direct/indirect object. Instead, it is modifying another noun "rēbus" which is in the Ablative Case. These two words together are making an Ablative Absolute, which is a NOUN (or Pronoun) + a Participle (often a Perfect Passive Participle) both of which are in the Ablative Case. An Ablative Absolute is a separate thought from the rest of the sentence (hence "absolute" from "absolutus," "detatched"). The Ablative Absolute is usually set off by commas to indicate its detachment. We often translate the Ablative Absolute as "with _______ having been _______", but there are other translations that would work, too. The Ablative Absolute is not a natural construction in English, so you should always choose the best translation based on the context of the sentence!
As the authors mentioned in the "Discussion" in this chapter, there are several ways to translate an Ablative Absolute. Often, it is translated as a clause showing TIME ("when, after, while"), CAUSE ("because, since"), or CONDITION ("if"). Take another look at their notes from the discussion:
As the authors mentioned in the "Discussion" in this chapter, there are several ways to translate an Ablative Absolute. Often, it is translated as a clause showing TIME ("when, after, while"), CAUSE ("because, since"), or CONDITION ("if"). Take another look at their notes from the discussion:
Different Types of Ablative Absolutes
Ablative Absolutes: Perfect Passive vs. Present Participles
When a Perfect Passive Participle is used in an Ablative Absolute, you are showing that the action was completed BEFORE the action of the main verb. The Present Participle is used to show an action going on AT THE SAME TIME as the main verb. Because of this, a Present Participle in an Ablative Absolute will be translated as Past tense if the main verb is past tense.
Ablative Absolutes: Two Nouns, Noun + Pronoun, Noun + Adjective
In Latin, there is no Present Participle for the verb "esse", but often Ablative Absolutes consist of two nouns without any participles. When this happens, we can understand the word "being" in our translation:
Caesare duce, "with Caesar (being) leader"/"when Caesar was leader" (2 nouns)
mē cūstōde, "with me (being) a guard"/"when I am on guard" (noun and pronoun)
Gaiō aegrō, "Gaius (being) sick"/"since Gaius is sick" (noun and adjective)
mē cūstōde, "with me (being) a guard"/"when I am on guard" (noun and pronoun)
Gaiō aegrō, "Gaius (being) sick"/"since Gaius is sick" (noun and adjective)
Take a look at the Latin Tutorial video below to see more about the Ablative Absolute:
Chapter 45 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give a synopsis of the following verbs in the person and number indicated:
1. arbitror, 1st plural
2. polliceor, 2d plural
3. proficiscor, 3d singular
4. potior, 3d plural
5. patior, 3d plural
6. utor, 3d singular
II. Write all the infinitive and participial forms of the verbs above, with English meanings.
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Gallī et Germānī ___dem lingū___ nōn ūtuntur.
2. Barbarī castr___ hostium potientur.
3. Sign___ dat___, mīlitēs in hostēs dēcurrērunt.
4. Quibus r___ cognit___, cōpiae flūmen trānsīre cōnātae sunt.
5. Helvētiī frument___ mult___ ūsī erant.
6. Caesar___ dūc___, mīlitēs nūllōs hostēs verentur.
7. Vic___ et aedifīcī___ incēns___, gentēs profectae sunt.
8. Mīlitēs gladī___ ūtentēs diū atque ācriter pugnant.
1. arbitror, 1st plural
2. polliceor, 2d plural
3. proficiscor, 3d singular
4. potior, 3d plural
5. patior, 3d plural
6. utor, 3d singular
II. Write all the infinitive and participial forms of the verbs above, with English meanings.
III. Supply the proper case endings:
1. Gallī et Germānī ___dem lingū___ nōn ūtuntur.
2. Barbarī castr___ hostium potientur.
3. Sign___ dat___, mīlitēs in hostēs dēcurrērunt.
4. Quibus r___ cognit___, cōpiae flūmen trānsīre cōnātae sunt.
5. Helvētiī frument___ mult___ ūsī erant.
6. Caesar___ dūc___, mīlitēs nūllōs hostēs verentur.
7. Vic___ et aedifīcī___ incēns___, gentēs profectae sunt.
8. Mīlitēs gladī___ ūtentēs diū atque ācriter pugnant.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. When the council had been called, the chiefs promised that they would obtain a larger part of Gaul.
2. They think that they will burn all the villages and private buildings.
3. When the grain has been prepared for the departure, all will set out.
4. There are two routes in all; the leaders deny, however, that there will be any difficulty.
5. If the neighbors are unwilling, the Helvetians will not use that route because of the defile.
6. When the Helvetians arrival had been learned, Caesar destroyed the bridge which was over the Rhone River.
7. Therefore it will be very difficult to cross the river.
8. Nevertheless the leaders do not fear the danger and they order the Helvetians to try to cross the river.
9. Caesar will not permit the warlike Helvetians to march through the Roman province.
2. They think that they will burn all the villages and private buildings.
3. When the grain has been prepared for the departure, all will set out.
4. There are two routes in all; the leaders deny, however, that there will be any difficulty.
5. If the neighbors are unwilling, the Helvetians will not use that route because of the defile.
6. When the Helvetians arrival had been learned, Caesar destroyed the bridge which was over the Rhone River.
7. Therefore it will be very difficult to cross the river.
8. Nevertheless the leaders do not fear the danger and they order the Helvetians to try to cross the river.
9. Caesar will not permit the warlike Helvetians to march through the Roman province.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 45 Deponent Verb Conjugation Practice
Chapter 45 Ablative Absolute Translation Practice
Chapter 45 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 45 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 45 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 45 Deponent Verb Conjugation Practice
Chapter 45 Ablative Absolute Translation Practice
Chapter 45 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 45 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses -- Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 45 Noun Ending Chart (All)