Chapter 46 Vocabulary
carrus, ī, n., cart, wagon
cōnficiō, -ere, cōnfēcī, cōnfectus, to accomplish, finish emō, -ere, ēmī, ēmptus, to buy imperō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to command, order, bid item, thus, likewise, besides iūmentum, ī, n., beast of burden iungō, -ere, iūnxī, iūnctus, to join, unite lēgātiō, -ōnis, f., embassy, legation metus, -ūs, m., fear, anxiety nē, lest, that . . . not neu, and that . . . not, nor ostendō, -ere, ostendī, ostentus, to disclose, show, make known |
persuādeō, -ēre, persuāsī, persuāsūrus, to be convincing, persuade
quaerō, -ere, quaesīvī/quaesiī, quaesītus, to seek, ask, inquire quisquam, quicquam, anyone sēmentis, -is, -ium, f., sowing, crops spēs, -eī, f., hope suscipiō, -ere, suscēpī, susceptus, to take up, undertake ut, in order that, that uterque, utraque, utrumque, each, both |
Chapter 46 Derivatives
carrus, cargo, carriage, car, charge
cōnficere, confect, confection emere, exempt, exemption, premium, redeem imperāre, imperative, emperor, empire iungere, injunction, joint, conjunction, junction, join, subjunctive metus, meticulous |
ostendere, ostensive, ostentation, ostensible
persuādēre, persuasive, persuade, persuasion quaerere, acquisition, exquisite, quest, conquest, query, question sēmentis, semantic spēs, despair, desperate, desperation suscipere, susceptible, susception |
DĒ ORGETORĪGIS CŌNSILIĪS I
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Helvetiī multa dīligenter comparant quod ē patriā exīre cōnstituērunt. Sēmentēs quam maximās faciunt nē inopia frūmentī in itinere sit. Iūmentōrum et carrōrum maximum numerum emunt ut omnia sēcum facile portent. Nūntiōs ad cīvitātēs proximās mittunt ut eae gentēs quoque cōnsilia audiant et auxilium mittant. Fortasse cīvitātēs sē sociōs iungent et ē fīnibus ībunt. Helvētiī patriam relinquunt ut novōs agrōs videant et fīnēs multitūdinī hominum idōneōs capiant. Magna est eōrum spēs. Orgetorīx, nōbilissimus Helvētiōrum, erat cīvitātibus proximīs amīcus. Dux igitur dēlēctus est ut fīnitimī cōnsilia Helvētiōrum benignē audīrent et auxilium mitterent. Ad cīvitātēs iit ut prīncipēs vidēret et cum eīs cōnsilia caperet. Helvētiī cum fīnitimīs pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre voluērunt ut omnia per eōrum fīnēs sine difficultāte portārentur. Erat mōs gentēs obsidēs inter sē dare nē iniūria esset. Helvētiī cum cīvitātibus proximīs pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre cōnstituerant quō facilius per eōrum fīnēs iter facere possent. Itaque Orgetorīgem mīserant quī eās rēs cōnficeret. Sed Orgetorīx rēgnī cupiditāte adductus alia cōnsilia cēpit. Helvetiī multa dīligenter comparant quod ē patriā exīre cōnstituērunt. Sēmentēs quam maximās faciunt nē inopia frūmentī in itinere sit. Iūmentōrum et carrōrum maximum numerum emunt ut omnia sēcum facile portent. Nūntiōs ad cīvitātēs proximās mittunt ut eae gentēs quoque cōnsilia audiant et auxilium mittant. Fortasse cīvitātēs sē sociōs iungent et ē fīnibus ībunt. Helvētiī patriam relinquunt ut novōs agrōs videant et fīnēs multitūdinī hominum idōneōs capiant. Magna est eōrum spēs. Orgetorīx, nōbilissimus Helvētiōrum, erat cīvitātibus proximīs amīcus. Dux igitur dēlēctus est ut fīnitimī cōnsilia Helvētiōrum benignē audīrent et auxilium mitterent. Ad cīvitātēs iit ut prīncipēs vidēret et cum eīs cōnsilia caperet. Helvētiī cum fīnitimīs pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre voluērunt ut omnia per eōrum fīnēs sine difficultāte portārentur. Erat mōs gentēs obsidēs inter sē dare nē iniūria esset. Helvētiī cum cīvitātibus proximīs pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre cōnstituerant quō facilius per eōrum fīnēs iter facere possent. Itaque Orgetorīgem mīserant quī eās rēs cōnficeret. Sed Orgetorīx rēgnī cupiditāte adductus alia cōnsilia cēpit. |
Translation Video |
DĒ ORGETORĪGIS CŌNSILIĪS I: Responde Latine
1. Quid Helvētiī agunt?
2. Quō cōnsiliō sēmentēs faciunt? 3. Quō cōnsiliō iūmentōrum et carrõrum maximum numerum emunt? 4. Quō cōnsiliō nūntiōs mittunt? |
5. Quō cōnsiliō patriam relinquunt?
6. Quō cōnsiliō Orgetorix dux dēlēctus est? 7. Quō cōnsiliō ad cīvitātēs īvit? 8. Quō cōnsiliō Helvētiī cum fīnitimīs pācem cōnfirmāre voluērunt? |
Nota Bene:
Quō cōnsiliō, with what plan in mind? for what purpose?
Quō cōnsiliō, with what plan in mind? for what purpose?
DĒ ORGETORĪGIS CŌNSILIĪS I: Discussion
- In the first and second paragraphs of the story Dē Orgetorigis Consiliīs I are several clauses answering the question quo consilio? What words introduce these clauses? How do these words differ in meaning? List the verbs in these clauses in two columns, one for the first paragraph and one for the second. Are the verbs in the indicative mood?
- These clauses introduced by "ut" and "nē" are dependent clauses and state the purpose of the action of the verbs in the principal clauses. The verb in the principal clause is called the main verb; it states a fact and is in the indicative mood/ The dependent clause shows purpose, and the verb is in the subjunctive. Such clauses of purpose require the subjunctive mood, and the tense of their verbs is dependent on the tense of the main verb. If the main verb refers to past time, the verb in the purpose clause is in the imperfect subjunctive; otherwise, it is in the present subjunctive. This dependence of the tense of a subjunctive verb upon the tense of the main, indicative verb is called sequence of tenses.
- A clause of purpose is usually introduced by the conjunction ut, that, in order that, or nē, lest, in order that not... not. If, however, the purpose clause contains the comparative of an adjective or adverb, quo is substituted for ut. The relative pronoun qui, quae, quod, may introduce a purpose clause, especially when the pronoun has an antecedent in the main clause.
- In the first paragraph of the story, the verbs in the purpose clauses are in the present subjunctive; in the second paragraph the verbs are in the imperfect subjunctive. These two tenses may be formed from the present stem as follows:
Present Subjunctive:
First Conjugation: change the stem vowel which is ā to ē (e) and add the personal endings; as, port-e-m, port-e-r.
Second and Fourth Conjugations: shorten the stem vowel, which is ē or ī, and add ā (a) and the personal endings; as, vide-a-m, vide-a-r; audi-a-m, audi-a-r
Third Conjugation: change the stem vowel, which is e, to ā (a) and add the personal endings; as, mitt-a-m, mitt-a-r
Third Conjugation io verbs: the same as the fourth conjugation; as, capi-a-m, capi-a-r
Imperfect Subjunctive:
For all conjugations add the personal endings to the present active infinitive:
portāre-m, portāre-r
vidēre-m, vidēre-r
mittere-m, mittere-r
capere-m, capere-r
audire-m, audire-r
First Conjugation: change the stem vowel which is ā to ē (e) and add the personal endings; as, port-e-m, port-e-r.
Second and Fourth Conjugations: shorten the stem vowel, which is ē or ī, and add ā (a) and the personal endings; as, vide-a-m, vide-a-r; audi-a-m, audi-a-r
Third Conjugation: change the stem vowel, which is e, to ā (a) and add the personal endings; as, mitt-a-m, mitt-a-r
Third Conjugation io verbs: the same as the fourth conjugation; as, capi-a-m, capi-a-r
Imperfect Subjunctive:
For all conjugations add the personal endings to the present active infinitive:
portāre-m, portāre-r
vidēre-m, vidēre-r
mittere-m, mittere-r
capere-m, capere-r
audire-m, audire-r
- Learn the paradigms for the subjunctive mood of the model verbs portō, videō, mittō, capiō, audiō, cōnor, etc. Learn also the present and imperfect subjunctive of sum and the irregular verbs.
- In translating a purpose clause into English, the auxiliaries may and might are frequently used-- may, if the present subjunctive is used; might, if the imperfect is used. However, it is often simpler to translate the purpose clause by the English infinitive. Observe the following
Grammar Rule
- Clauses of purpose. A clause expressing purpose is introduced by ut (negative nē) and has the verb in the subjunctive. If the main verb shows past time, the imperfect subjunctive is used in the purpose clause; otherwise, the present subjunctive is used.
II. Substantive clauses after verbs of persuading, commanding, etc.
DĒ ORGETORĪGIS CŌNSILIĪS II
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Nōbilēs Helvēticī Orgetorīgī persuādent ut lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs suscipiat. Eī imperant ut sine morā proficīscātur. Ducēs Orgetorīgem monent ut ad cīvitātēs proximās eat. Ab eō maximē postulant ut pācem et amīcitiam cum Sēquanīs et Haeduīs, fīnitimīs potentissimīs, cōnfirmet. Sed Orgetorīx in illō itinere patriae oblītus erat. Ipse rēx tōtius Galliae fierī voluit. Iit igitur ad Sēquanōs et Haeduōs et ā nōbilibus quaesīvit ut sēcum conīurātiōnem facerent. In itinere fīliō prīncipis Sēquanī persuāsit ut rēgnum in cīvitāte suā occupāret; itemque Dumnorīgī, nōbilissimō Haeduō, ut idem cōnārētur persuāsit. Utrīque iuvenī probāvit sē suae cīvitātis imperium obtenturum esse; Helvētiōs tōtīus Galliae plūrimum posse cōnfirmāvit. Dīxit autem sē iuvenibus rēgna conciliātūrum esse et eōs monuit ut suās cōpiās et suum exercitum exspectārent. Eīs imperāvit nē cuiquam cōnsilia ostenderent neu metum habērent. Nōta bene: Neu metum habērent, and that they should not be afraid, or and not to be afraid. Neu is used to introduce a second clause, following one introduced by nē, and means nor, and that...not. Nōbilēs Helvēticī Orgetorīgī persuādent ut lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs suscipiat. Eī imperant ut sine morā proficīscātur. Ducēs Orgetorīgem monent ut ad cīvitātēs proximās eat. Ab eō maximē postulant ut pācem et amīcitiam cum Sēquanīs et Haeduīs, fīnitimīs potentissimīs, cōnfirmet. Sed Orgetorīx in illō itinere patriae oblītus erat. Ipse rēx tōtius Galliae fierī voluit. Iit igitur ad Sēquanōs et Haeduōs et ā nōbilibus quaesīvit ut sēcum conīurātiōnem facerent. In itinere fīliō prīncipis Sēquanī persuāsit ut rēgnum in cīvitāte suā occupāret; itemque Dumnorīgī, nōbilissimō Haeduō, ut idem cōnārētur persuāsit. Utrīque iuvenī probāvit sē suae cīvitātis imperium obtenturum esse; Helvētiōs tōtīus Galliae plūrimum posse cōnfirmāvit. Dīxit autem sē iuvenibus rēgna conciliātūrum esse et eōs monuit ut suās cōpiās et suum exercitum exspectārent. Eīs imperāvit nē cuiquam cōnsilia ostenderent neu metum habērent. Nōta bene: Neu metum habērent, and that they should not be afraid, or and not to be afraid. Neu is used to introduce a second clause, following one introduced by nē, and means nor, and that...not. |
Translation Video |
DĒ ORGETORĪGIS CŌNSILIĪS II: Discussion
- In the first paragraph of the story, are several dependent clauses. What word introduces each clause? What is the mood of each verb? List the main verbs upon which the clauses depend. Clauses depending upon verbs of persuading, commanding, advising, requesting, etc., are really objects of the main verb and are often called substantive clauses or noun clauses. Substantive means noun; that is, the clause which is object of a verb really stands in the place of a noun and serves as a noun.
- With persuādeō, imperō, and some other verbs, the person toward whom the action is directed is in the dative; with moneō, ōrō, and rogõ the person is in the accusative; with petō, postulō, and quaerō, and many other verbs of requesting, the person is in the ablative with ā.
- In the second paragraph of the story, identify the substantive clauses, explaining the tense of the verbs and the case of the person toward whom the action is directed.
Chapter 46 Grammar Notes
Intro to the Subjunctive Mood
In this chapter, we encountered some verbs which used forms that we haven't seen before. These verbs are odd because their endings, while familiar, aren't anything we are used to. For example, "timēret" looks like "timet" ("he/she/it fears") but has an extra "-re-" in the middle. It's also translated as "he was frightened" but it doesn't have the "-ba-" Imperfect infix. So what exactly is happening here?
These verbs are using a different "Mood" known as the SUBJUNCTIVE. The Subjunctive is where many Latin students freak out, because it feels so unfamiliar, but there's no need! We will take it one piece at a time and try to understand what's going on here.
First, let's back up -- what is a "Mood?" In Latin, the "Mood" of a verb indicates the attitude of the speaker towards what they are doing. There are 3 "Moods" in Latin, two of which you have already seen:
Indicative Mood: this is used to state or indicate (hence, "indicative") facts. It is the most common mood in Latin and is the one you have predominantly seen so far. (Ex. "I am happy," "I was running," "I will graduate soon," etc)
Imperative Mood: this is used to give commands or orders (from the Latin "imperare," "to command"). (Ex. "Clean your room!" "Go away, pests!" etc.)
The new "mood" you are encountering now is known as the SUBJUNCTIVE. The Subjunctive Mood has many purposes, but in general it is used to express hypothetical actions, commands, wishes, doubts, conditions, purposes, results, time -- the list goes on an on! The Subjunctive is a multifaceted mood, so we will break it down and organize it as we go.
Take a look at the LatinTutorial video below to get an overview of the Subjunctive Mood:
These verbs are using a different "Mood" known as the SUBJUNCTIVE. The Subjunctive is where many Latin students freak out, because it feels so unfamiliar, but there's no need! We will take it one piece at a time and try to understand what's going on here.
First, let's back up -- what is a "Mood?" In Latin, the "Mood" of a verb indicates the attitude of the speaker towards what they are doing. There are 3 "Moods" in Latin, two of which you have already seen:
Indicative Mood: this is used to state or indicate (hence, "indicative") facts. It is the most common mood in Latin and is the one you have predominantly seen so far. (Ex. "I am happy," "I was running," "I will graduate soon," etc)
Imperative Mood: this is used to give commands or orders (from the Latin "imperare," "to command"). (Ex. "Clean your room!" "Go away, pests!" etc.)
The new "mood" you are encountering now is known as the SUBJUNCTIVE. The Subjunctive Mood has many purposes, but in general it is used to express hypothetical actions, commands, wishes, doubts, conditions, purposes, results, time -- the list goes on an on! The Subjunctive is a multifaceted mood, so we will break it down and organize it as we go.
Take a look at the LatinTutorial video below to get an overview of the Subjunctive Mood:
The Subjunctive Mood: Present and Imperfect Tense
Present Subjunctive (Active and Passive)
Present Active Subjunctive
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Present Passive Subjunctive
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As you saw above, the rules for forming the Present Subjunctive are as follows:
- Go to the Infinitive and drop the "-re"
- Change the stem vowel from Indicative to Subjunctive
- 1st Conjugation: "ā" to "e"
- 2nd Conjugation: "ē" to "ea"
- 3rd Conjugation: "e" to "a"
- 3rd-io: "e" to "ia"
- 4th Conjugation: "ī" to "ia"
- Add your endings ("m, s, t, mus, tis, nt" for the Active; "r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur" for the Passive)
Imperfect Subjunctive (Active and Passive)
Let's unpack the Imperfect Tense and how to form it in the Subjunctive Mood.
To form the Imperfect Tense in the Subjunctive Mood:
- Go to the Infinitive (2nd Principal Part) and add our personal verb endings:
- "-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt" (Active Voice)
- "-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur" (Passive Voice)
Take a look at the chart below to see this process in more detail.
Purpose Clauses w/ the Subjunctive
One specific use of the Subjunctive Mood introduced in this chapter is called a "Purpose Clause". As the name suggests, these are dependent clauses used to describe the purpose of the main clause. To start, take a look at the Latin Tutorial video below:
As mentioned in the video above these clauses, introduced by "ut" and "nē", are dependent clauses and state the purpose of the action of the verbs in the principal clauses. The verb in the Main Clause is called the "Main Verb" and since it is stating a fact, it will be in the Indicative Mood (so not Subjunctive). The Purpose Clause will be in the Subjunctive mood, since it is not a certain fact that this was the purpose of the main verb. Here are a few important notes:
- If the Main Verb is past tense, the Purpose Clause will use the Imperfect Subjunctive; otherwise it will be in the Present Subjunctive
- This is known as the "Sequence of Tenses" and it's something we will keep learning about!
- A Purpose Clause introduced by "ut" is the positive form, and is usually translated "that" or "so that"
- Ex. "Nūntiōs ad cīvitātēs proximās mittunt ut eae gentēs quoque cōnsilia audiant et auxilium mittant." (They send messengers to neighboring states so that these peoples, too, might hear the plans and send help.)
- A Purpose Clause introduced by "nē" is the negative form, and is usually translated "not" or "so that not"
- Ex. "Sēmentēs quam maximās faciunt nē inopia frūmentī in itinere sit." (They make the greatest sowings as possible so that there may not be a scarcity of grain on the journey.)
- If a Purpose Clause contains the Comparative form of an adjective or adverb, we substitute "quo" for "ut"
- Ex. "Helvētiī cum cīvitātibus proximīs pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre cōnstituerant quō facilius per eōrum fīnēs iter facere possent." (The Helvetii had decided to make peace and friendship with the neighboring states so that they might be able to more easily make a journey through their borders.)
- We can use the Relative Pronoun (qui, quae, quod) to introduce a Purpose clause if that pronoun has an antecedent in the Main Clause
- Ex. "Itaque Orgetorīgem mīserant quī eās rēs cōnficeret." (And so they had sent Orgetorix who might accomplish these things.)
- Ex. "Itaque Orgetorīgem mīserant quī eās rēs cōnficeret." (And so they had sent Orgetorix who might accomplish these things.)
Substantive Clauses
In the 2nd story of this chapter, we are introduced to another use of the Subjunctive Mood. This use is known as a "Substantive Clause." This type of clause is when we use a clause (a part of a sentence) to represent a noun. This might sound confusing, but these are a bit easier to spot once you know some basic rules. For our purposes, here are the keys to know:
- The verbs persuādeō, imperō, moneō, postulō, quaerō, may be followed by a substantive clause introduced by ut or nē, with the verb in the Subjunctive Mood
- Ex. "Nōbilēs Helvēticī Orgetorīgī persuādent ut lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs suscipiat." (The Helvetian nobles persuaded Orgetorxi so that he might take up an embassy to the states.)
- In the example above, the Subjunctive clause (ut lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs suscipiat.) is functioning as the object of the verb -- in other words, it's telling us what they persuaded Orgetorix to do
- Ex. "Nōbilēs Helvēticī Orgetorīgī persuādent ut lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs suscipiat." (The Helvetian nobles persuaded Orgetorxi so that he might take up an embassy to the states.)
Dative Case with Special Verbs
As we saw in this chapter, certain verbs, among them persuādeō, imperō, crēdō, noceō, take the Dative case instead of the Accusative.
Chapter 46 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give the present and imperfect subjunctive of the following verbs: cōnficiō, iungō, persuādeō, imperō, mūniō, sum, possum, cōnor, eō, volō (wish), ūtor, emō.
II. After what tenses of the indicative is the present subjunctive used? After what tenses of the indicative is the imperfect subjunctive used?
III. Complete the verb forms and translate into English:
1. Multōs carrōs ēmērunt quō facilius patriam relinqū___.
2. Magnās sēmentēs facient ut cōpiam frūmentī hab___.
3. Ēī imperāverant ut ad cīvitātēs fīnitimās ī___.
4. Fīnitimīs quoque persuādent ut eōdem cōnsiliō ut___.
5. Lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs mīsērunt quae cōnsilia ostend___.
II. After what tenses of the indicative is the present subjunctive used? After what tenses of the indicative is the imperfect subjunctive used?
III. Complete the verb forms and translate into English:
1. Multōs carrōs ēmērunt quō facilius patriam relinqū___.
2. Magnās sēmentēs facient ut cōpiam frūmentī hab___.
3. Ēī imperāverant ut ad cīvitātēs fīnitimās ī___.
4. Fīnitimīs quoque persuādent ut eōdem cōnsiliō ut___.
5. Lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs mīsērunt quae cōnsilia ostend___.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. They will ask the neighbors to join (themselves) as allies and to go out of their territory.
2. They had made their sowings as large as possible in order that there might not be a lack of grain.
3. He is advising each noble to undertake the matter (thing).
4. He made this conspiracy in order to accomplish his plans more easily.
5. Orgetorix's hope was great; but his enemies (inimīcī) sent a messenger to disclose the conspiracy.
2. They had made their sowings as large as possible in order that there might not be a lack of grain.
3. He is advising each noble to undertake the matter (thing).
4. He made this conspiracy in order to accomplish his plans more easily.
5. Orgetorix's hope was great; but his enemies (inimīcī) sent a messenger to disclose the conspiracy.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 46 Present and Imperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 46 Purpose Clause Translation Practice
Chapter 46 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 46 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 46 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 46 Present and Imperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 46 Purpose Clause Translation Practice
Chapter 46 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 46 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 46 Noun Ending Chart (All)