Chapter 47 Vocabulary
accidō, -ere, accidī, ---, to fall upon; happen, occur
efficiō, -ere, effēcī, effectus, to bring about, cause, effect ēnūntiō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to assert, disclose ēripiō, -ere, ēripuī, ēreptus, to take away exīstimō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to reckon, think exsequor, exsequī, exsecūtus sum, to follow up, execute familia, -ae, f., household, kindred fidēs, eī, f., faith, trust, belief iūdicium, ī, n., judgment, trial iūs iūrandum, iūris iūrandī, n., oath |
magistrātus, -ūs, m., civil office/officer; magistrate
nūper, recently, lately, just ob, on account of, because of praeter, besides, except reditiō, -ōnis, f., return tam, so, in such a degree tantus, -a, -um, so great, such tollō, -ere, sustulī, sublātus, to lift, take away, remove, carry off vadum, ī, n., shallow place, ford vinculum, ī, n., bond, fetter, chain |
Idioms:
bonō animō, well disposed toward used with in and the accusative
causam dīcere, to plead a case
sē ēripere, to escape
bonō animō, well disposed toward used with in and the accusative
causam dīcere, to plead a case
sē ēripere, to escape
Chapter 47 Derivatives
accidere: accident
efficere: effective, effect, efficient, efficacy ēnūntiāre: enunciation, enunciate exsequī: executor, execute, execution familia: familiar, familial, familiarity, familiarize |
fidēs: fidelity
iūdicium: judiciary, judicious, prejudice magistrātus: magistrate tollere: extol, superlative |
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM CŌNSILIĪS
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Tam bene dīcit Orgetorīx ut iuvenēs nōbilēs coniūrātiōnem faciant et rēgna in cīvitātibus suīs occupāre cōnstituant. Inter sē fīdem et iūs iūrandum dant. Tam audācēs sunt ut perīcula nōn timeant. Etiam spērant sē tōtīus Galliae imperiō potīrī posse. Tanta est Orgeorīgis cupiditās rēgnī ut patriam trādere velit. Ea rēs, paulō post, Helvētiīs ēnūntiāta est. Helvētiī Orgetorīgem hostem esse sēnsērunt et ita incitātī sunt ut eum ex vinculīs causam dīcere cōgerent. Orgetorīx amīcōrum magnum numerum habēbat et eius audācia erat tanta ut ad iūdicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum mīlia decem, undique convocāret; per eōs sē ēripere posse spērāvit. Sed cīvitās, ob eam rem incītāta, armīs iūs suum esxecūta est multitūdinemque hominum ex agrīs magistrātūs ad iūdicium coēgērunt. Orgetorīx perterritus dē vītā decessit. Post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī patriam relinquere cupīvērunt. Quārē accidit ut cōnsilia exsequerentur. Magnae sēmentēs factae erant; carrī et iūmenta ēmpta erant; fēminae līberīque conlātī erant. Sed spem domum reditiōnis tollere necesse erat. Fiēbat ut oppida sua omnia, vīcōs omnēs, reliqua prīvāta aedificia incenderent. etiam frūmentum omne praeter id quod sēcum portāre necesse erat incendērunt. Hōc modō effēcērunt ut omnis spēs domum reditiōnis tollerētur. Effēcērunt praetereā ut fīnitimī eōdem cōnsiliō ūsī ūnā cum eīs proficīscerentur. Tam bene dīcit Orgetorīx ut iuvenēs nōbilēs coniūrātiōnem faciant et rēgna in cīvitātibus suīs occupāre cōnstituant. Inter sē fīdem et iūs iūrandum dant. Tam audācēs sunt ut perīcula nōn timeant. Etiam spērant sē tōtīus Galliae imperiō potīrī posse. Tanta est Orgeorīgis cupiditās rēgnī ut patriam trādere velit. Ea rēs, paulō post, Helvētiīs ēnūntiāta est. Helvētiī Orgetorīgem hostem esse sēnsērunt et ita incitātī sunt ut eum ex vinculīs causam dīcere cōgerent. Orgetorīx amīcōrum magnum numerum habēbat et eius audācia erat tanta ut ad iūdicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum mīlia decem, undique convocāret; per eōs sē ēripere posse spērāvit. Sed cīvitās, ob eam rem incītāta, armīs iūs suum esxecūta est multitūdinemque hominum ex agrīs magistrātūs ad iūdicium coēgērunt. Orgetorīx perterritus dē vītā decessit. Post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī patriam relinquere cupīvērunt. Quārē accidit ut cōnsilia exsequerentur. Magnae sēmentēs factae erant; carrī et iūmenta ēmpta erant; fēminae līberīque conlātī erant. Sed spem domum reditiōnis tollere necesse erat. Fiēbat ut oppida sua omnia, vīcōs omnēs, reliqua prīvāta aedificia incenderent. Etiam frūmentum omne praeter id quod sēcum portāre necesse erat incendērunt. Hōc modō effēcērunt ut omnis spēs domum reditiōnis tollerētur. Effēcērunt praetereā ut fīnitimī eōdem cōnsiliō ūsī ūnā cum eīs proficīscerentur. |
Translation Video |
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM CŌNSILIĪS: Responde Latine
1. Quam bene dīcit Orgetorix?
2. Quam audācēs sunt iuvenēs? 3. Quanta est Orgetorigis cupiditās? 4. Nõnne Helvētiī incitātī sunt? 5. Quanta erat Orgetorigis audācia? |
6. Quid cīvitās ēgit?
7. Quid post Orgetorigis mortem accidit? 8. Quid fīēbat? 9. Quid Helvētiī effēcērunt? |
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM CŌNSILIĪS: Discussion
- List the dependent clauses introduced by ut in the first paragraph of the story. Give the mood and tense of each verb. Do these clauses show the purpose of the action of the main verb? These clauses show the result of the action of the main verb. The words tam, so, tantus, so great, and ita and sic, so, are frequently used in the principal clause and suggest that a result clause may follow. A clause of result is usually introduced by ut, so that, or ut...non, so that...not and requires the subjunctive mood, either present or imperfect, according to the time of the main verb.
- In the second paragraph, identify the clauses of result and pick out the words in the principal clauses which suggest that a result clause may follow.
- In the third paragraph, list the dependent clauses introduced by ut and the main verbs upon which they depend. Clauses depending upon verbs of happening, occurring, resulting, and upon verbs of effecting and accomplishing, express result. A clause depending upon the verb fit or accidit is regarded as the subject of the verb. A clause depending upon facio or its compounds is regarded as the object of the verb. Such clauses are often called substantive clauses of result.
- In translating a purpose clause into English, the auxiliaries may and might are often used; in translating a result clause into English, may and might are never used. A result clause is stated as a simple fact. Compare the following sentences:
Purpose: Orgetorix magnum numerum hominum coēgit ut sē ēriperet. Orgetorix collected a large number of men that he might escape, or for the purpose of escaping.
Result: Orgetorix tantum numerum hominum coēgit ut sē ēriperet. Orgetorix collected so large a number of men that he escaped; that is, he accomplished his purpose. It can be seen from these examples that a result clause often states the accomplishment of a purpose.
Result: Orgetorix tantum numerum hominum coēgit ut sē ēriperet. Orgetorix collected so large a number of men that he escaped; that is, he accomplished his purpose. It can be seen from these examples that a result clause often states the accomplishment of a purpose.
Grammar Rule
- Clauses of result. A clause expressing result is introduced by ut (negative, ut...non) and its verb is in the subjunctive.
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM PROFECTIŌNE
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Helvētiī multa comparāverant ut dē fīnibus suīs cum omnibus cōpiīs exīrent. Multīs fīnitimīs quoque persuāserant ut oppidīs vīcīsque incēnsīs ūnā cum eīs proficīscerentur. Id fēcerant quō tūtius per hostium fīnēs iter facerent. Sed cīvitās Helvētia flūminibus montibusque ita continēbātur ut Helvētiī duōbus omnīnō itineribus domō exīre possent. Unum per Sēquanōrum fīnēs, alterum per prōvinciam Rōmānam pertinēbat. Iter autem per Sēquanōrum fīnēs, inter montem Iūram et flūmen Rhodānum, erat tam angustum ut sine maximā difficultāte Helvētiī iter facere nōn possent. Veritī sunt autem nē paucī hostēs itinere prohibēre possent. Sed iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam erat multō facilius quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum, quī erant sociī Rōmānōrum, Rhodanus fluit. Helvētiī scīvērunt sē id flūmen paucīs locīs vadō trānsīre posse. Sīc spērāvērunt sē iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam facere posse. Hīs rēbus fiēbat ut Helvētiī facilius iter dēligerent.
Allobrogēs ā Rōmānīs nūper victī erant; itaque Helvētiī crēdēbant eōs nōndum bonō animō in populum Rōmānum esse. Ex oppidō extremō Allobrogum, Genavā nōmine, ad Helvētiōrum fīnēs pōns pertinēbat. Helvētiī exīstimābant sē Allobrogibus persuāsūrōs esse ut per suōs fīnēs eōs īre paterentur. Itaque nūntiōs quī eās rēs cōnficerent mittere cōnstituērunt. Sed Caesar effēcit ut cōnsilia exsequī nōn possent. Nota Bene:
Helvētiī multa comparāverant ut dē fīnibus suīs cum omnibus cōpiīs exīrent. Multīs fīnitimīs quoque persuāserant ut oppidīs vīcīsque incēnsīs ūnā cum eīs proficīscerentur. Id fēcerant quō tūtius per hostium fīnēs iter facerent. Sed cīvitās Helvētia flūminibus montibusque ita continēbātur ut Helvētiī duōbus omnīnō itineribus domō exīre possent. Unum per Sēquanōrum fīnēs, alterum per prōvinciam Rōmānam pertinēbat. Iter autem per Sēquanōrum fīnēs, inter montem Iūram et flūmen Rhodānum, erat tam angustum ut sine maximā difficultāte Helvētiī iter facere nōn possent. Veritī sunt autem nē paucī hostēs itinere prohibēre possent. Sed iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam erat multō facilius quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum, quī erant sociī Rōmānōrum, Rhodanus fluit. Helvētiī scīvērunt sē id flūmen paucīs locīs vadō trānsīre posse. Sīc spērāvērunt sē iter per prōvinciam Rōmānam facere posse. Hīs rēbus fiēbat ut Helvētiī facilius iter dēligerent.
Allobrogēs ā Rōmānīs nūper victī erant; itaque Helvētiī crēdēbant eōs nōndum bonō animō in populum Rōmānum esse. Ex oppidō extremō Allobrogum, Genavā nōmine, ad Helvētiōrum fīnēs pōns pertinēbat. Helvētiī exīstimābant sē Allobrogibus persuāsūrōs esse ut per suōs fīnēs eōs īre paterentur. Itaque nūntiōs quī eās rēs cōnficerent mittere cōnstituērunt. Sed Caesar effēcit ut cōnsilia exsequī nōn possent. Nota Bene:
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Translation Video |
Chapter 47 Grammar Notes
Subjunctive Mood: Result Clauses
In this chapter, we are going to see how the Subjunctive can be used to show the result of an action. These are known as "Result Clauses" and are a pretty common use of the Subjunctive in Latin. To start, take a look at the Latin Tutorial video below...
In Latin, showing the result of the action of the main verb is expressed by the subjunctive mood. This might seem odd at first, since we've seen the subjunctive is usually used to show uncertainty. But isn't the result of an action pretty certain? Yes and no -- to a Roman, the Subjunctive is used because the result is more of an idiom. Instead of "The gladiator fought so bravely that he won," a Roman would understand this as "The gladiator fought so bravely that he would win." When you think of the Result Clause in this idiomatic fashion, the reason for using of the Subjunctive becomes more clear! Here are the rules for forming a Result Clause in Latin:
- Start with an intensifying word (that roughly means "such/so")
- adeō: so, so much, to such an extent
- ita: thus, in such a way
- sīc: thus, in this way
- tālis, -is, -e: such
- tam: so
- tantus, -a, -um: so great
- tantum: so much
- tot: so many
- the main verb of your sentence will be indicative mood (not subjunctive)
- the word "ut" ("that") will set up a subordinate clause showing the result -- the subordinate verb will be SUBJUNCTIVE mood
- a negative result will be set up by "ut...non" ("that...not")
Orgetorix tantum numerum hominum coēgit ut sē ēriperet.
Orgetorix collected so large a number of men that he escaped.
Orgetorix collected so large a number of men that he escaped.
Chapter 47 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. In the Reading Lesson find examples of the following clauses:
1. clause of purpose
2. substantive clause with a verb of persuading
3. substantive clause with a verb of fearing
4. relative clause of purpose
5. clause of purpose containing a word in the comparative degree
6. clause of result
7. substantive clause of result with a verb of happening
8. substantive clause of result with a verb of accomplishing
II. Complete the verb forms and state the type of dependent clause in each sentence and translate the sentence into English:
1. Orgetorigis õratio iuvenēs ita commõvit ut fidem et iūs iūrandum d___.
2. Accidit ut inimīcus Helvētiīs coniūrātiōnem ēnantī___.
3. Helvētiī effēcērunt ut Orgetorix ex vinculīs causam dīc___.
4. Orgetorix nūntiōs mittit quī familiam ad iūdicium cog___.
5. Id facit ut sē erip___.
6. Cīvitās magistrātibus imperat ut magnum numerum hominum convoc___.
7. Magistrātus multitūdinem hominum coēgērunt quō celerius iūs exseqū___.
8. Hīs rēbus fit ut Orgetorix perterr___.
9. Orgetorix timet nē suppliciō affic___. (passīve)
10. Cīvitātī persuādēre nōn poterat ut sē liber___.
1. clause of purpose
2. substantive clause with a verb of persuading
3. substantive clause with a verb of fearing
4. relative clause of purpose
5. clause of purpose containing a word in the comparative degree
6. clause of result
7. substantive clause of result with a verb of happening
8. substantive clause of result with a verb of accomplishing
II. Complete the verb forms and state the type of dependent clause in each sentence and translate the sentence into English:
1. Orgetorigis õratio iuvenēs ita commõvit ut fidem et iūs iūrandum d___.
2. Accidit ut inimīcus Helvētiīs coniūrātiōnem ēnantī___.
3. Helvētiī effēcērunt ut Orgetorix ex vinculīs causam dīc___.
4. Orgetorix nūntiōs mittit quī familiam ad iūdicium cog___.
5. Id facit ut sē erip___.
6. Cīvitās magistrātibus imperat ut magnum numerum hominum convoc___.
7. Magistrātus multitūdinem hominum coēgērunt quō celerius iūs exseqū___.
8. Hīs rēbus fit ut Orgetorix perterr___.
9. Orgetorix timet nē suppliciō affic___. (passīve)
10. Cīvitātī persuādēre nōn poterat ut sē liber___.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. The Helvetians recently burned everything in order to take away hope of return.
2. They are so desirous of new territories that they are willing to undergo great dangers.
3. They thought that they could easily be kept from their journey on account of the defile.
4. The fords made it possible for them to cross the river (brought it about that they could cross the river).
5. Their boldness was so great that they tried to influence Roman allies.
6. And so it happened that they marched toward the territory of the Allobroges.
2. They are so desirous of new territories that they are willing to undergo great dangers.
3. They thought that they could easily be kept from their journey on account of the defile.
4. The fords made it possible for them to cross the river (brought it about that they could cross the river).
5. Their boldness was so great that they tried to influence Roman allies.
6. And so it happened that they marched toward the territory of the Allobroges.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 47 Result Clause Translation Practice
Chapter 47 Present and Imperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 47 Purpose Clause Translation Practice
Chapter 47 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 47 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 47 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 47 Result Clause Translation Practice
Chapter 47 Present and Imperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 47 Purpose Clause Translation Practice
Chapter 47 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 47 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 47 Noun Ending Chart (All)