Chapter 48 Vocabulary
animadvertō, -ere, -vertī, -versus, to turn the mind to, notice
atque/ac, and certus, -a, -um, certain, sure certiōrem facere, to inform (idiom) coniungō, -ere, coniūnxī, coniūnctus, to join, unite conloquor, conloquī, conlocūtus sum, to talk, converse, confer cōnspiciō, -ere, spexī, -spectus, to perceive, observe ēgredior, -gredī, -gressus sum, to go out, march out |
noceō, -ēre, nocuī, nocitūrus, to be harmful, do harm
num, whether perturbō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to disturb, confuse quantus, -a, -um, how great? how much? quis, quid, who? what? regiō, -ōnis, f., region, territory; direction reperiō, -īre, repperī, repertus, to find, find out statuō, -ere, statuī, statūtus, to decide, determine; set in place |
Chapter 48 Derivatives
certus: certitude, concert, certify, certain
coniungere: conjoint, conjoin, conjunctive cōnspicere: conspicuous ēgredī: egress nocēre: nocuous, innocuous, noxious, innocent |
perturbāre: perturb, imperturbable
quantus: quantum, quantify, quantity regiō: region, regional statuere: statute, destitute, institute, substitute, restitution, constitute. constituent |
DĒ FĀMĀ AMĪCŌRUM CAESARIS
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Amīcī Caesaris cōnsilia Helvētiōrum animadvertunt atque maximē perturbantur. Intellegunt Helvētiōs ex fīnibus suīs ēgrēdī statuisse. Cognōscunt eōs multīs aliīs gentibus persuādēre ut sē sociōs coniungant et ex fīnibus suīs ēgrediantur. Sentiunt Helvētiōs per prōvinciam Rōmānam iter facere cōnātūrōs esse. Timent nē Helvētiī sociīs Rōmānīs maximē noceant. Itaque magnā cum celeritāte Rōmam contendunt ut cum Caesare conloquantur. “Cūr tam celeriter ex Galliā vēnistis?” quaesīvit Caesar. Cūr perturbāminī?” “Cūr perturbāmur? Multa apud Helvētiōs cōnspeximus, Caesar. Libenter tē certiōrem faciēmus cūr perturbēmur. Helvētiī ex fīnibus suīs ēgredī statuērunt et magnum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmērunt. Rogāsne cūr Helvētiī ēgredī statuerint? Rogāsne quantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmerint? Prīmō nōn intellēximus cūr ex suīs fīnibus ēgredī statuissent, et cūr tantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmissent. Itaque ā nostrīs amīcīs Helvēticīs quaesīvimus quae Helvētiī facerent.” Tum Caesar ipse perturbāus quaesīvit quae repperissent. “Helvētiī, Caesar, exīstimant suōs fīnēs angustiōrēs esse prō multitūdine hominum; cōnstituērunt igitur domō exīre ut regiōnibus sibi idōneīs potīrentur. Ad novās regiōnēs eunt. rogāsne num per prōvinciam Rōmānam eant? Amīcī nostrī nōs certiōrēs nōn fēcērunt quō īrent. Lātiōrēs tamen regiōnēs petunt atque sine dubiō per prōvinciam Romānam iter facere cōnābuntur. Itaque ad tē contendimus ut tē dē hīs rēbus certiōrem facerēmus.” Amīcī Caesaris cōnsilia Helvētiōrum animadvertunt atque maximē perturbantur. Intellegunt Helvētiōs ex fīnibus suīs ēgrēdī statuisse. Cognōscunt eōs multīs aliīs gentibus persuādēre ut sē sociōs coniungant et ex fīnibus suīs ēgrediantur. Sentiunt Helvētiōs per prōvinciam Rōmānam iter facere cōnātūrōs esse. Timent nē Helvētiī sociīs Rōmānīs maximē noceant. Itaque magnā cum celeritāte Rōmam contendunt ut cum Caesare conloquantur. “Cūr tam celeriter ex Galliā vēnistis?” quaesīvit Caesar. "Cūr perturbāminī?” “Cūr perturbāmur? Multa apud Helvētiōs cōnspeximus, Caesar. Libenter tē certiōrem faciēmus cūr perturbēmur. Helvētiī ex fīnibus suīs ēgredī statuērunt et magnum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmērunt. Rogāsne cūr Helvētiī ēgredī statuerint? Rogāsne quantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmerint? Prīmō nōn intellēximus cūr ex suīs fīnibus ēgredī statuissent, et cūr tantum numerum carrōrum et iūmentōrum ēmissent. Itaque ā nostrīs amīcīs Helvēticīs quaesīvimus quae Helvētiī facerent.” Tum Caesar ipse perturbātus quaesīvit quae repperissent. “Helvētiī, Caesar, exīstimant suōs fīnēs angustiōrēs esse prō multitūdine hominum; cōnstituērunt igitur domō exīre ut regiōnibus sibi idōneīs potīrentur. Ad novās regiōnēs eunt. Rogāsne num per prōvinciam Rōmānam eant? Amīcī nostrī nōs certiōrēs nōn fēcērunt quō īrent. Lātiōrēs tamen regiōnēs petunt atque sine dubiō per prōvinciam Romānam iter facere cōnābuntur. Itaque ad tē contendimus ut tē dē hīs rēbus certiōrem facerēmus.” |
Translation Video |
DĒ FĀMĀ AMĪCŌRUM CAESARIS: Discussion
- In the third paragraph of the story Dē Fāmā Caesaris, compare the verbs perturbāmur and perturbēmur. What is the mood and tense of each? What kind of word introduces these two verbs? How does clause containing perturbēmur differ from the clause containing perturbāmur? Upon what kind of verb does clause containing perturbēmur depend? A clause introduced by an interrogative word and depending upon a verb of telling, asking, knowing, wondering, or the like, is called an indirect question and the verb is in the subjunctive mood. Indirect questions are originally questions which are made to depend upon another verb, just as clauses of indirect statement are statements which depend upon another verb. The essential difference between indirect question and indirect statement is the fact that the former is introduced by an interrogative word.
- The verb perturbēmur is in the present subjunctive because it depends upon certiorem faciēmus and expresses an action unfinished at the time of the main verb.
- In the same paragraph, compare the verbs statuerunt and statuerint. Upon what verb does statuerint depend? What word introduces the clause in which statuerint occurs? What kind of clause is it? The verb statuerint is in the perfect subjunctive because it depends upon rogās and shows an action finished at the time of the main verb.
- The present subjunctive, representing an unfinished act, and the perfect, representing a finished act, are used after main verbs not referring to past time.
- In the sentence Itaque à nostris amicis quaesivimus quae Helvētii facerent, the verb facerent is in the imperfect subjunctive because it depends upon quaesīvimus and an action unfinished at the time of the main verb.
- In the sentence Tum Caesar quaesivit quae repperissent, the verb repperissent is in the pluperfect subjunctive because it depends upon quaesivit and expresses an action finished at the time of the main verb. Similarly, in the sentence Primo non intelleximus cūr ex suis finibus ēgredi statuissent, the verb statuissent is in the pluperfect subjunctive.
- After a main verb referring to past time the imperfect subjunctive is used to represent an act as unfinished, and the pluperfect to represent an act as finished.
- Find examples of other indirect questions in the story and explain the tense of the verbs. List the verbs in the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive. What stem is used in making these forms? What is the tense sign of each? What endings are added?
- The perfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive mood, active voice are formed as follows:
- Perfect: to the perfect stem add the tense sign "-erī-" and the personal endings.
- Pluperfect: to the perfect stem add the tense sign "-isse-" and the personal endings. Long vowels in both tenses are shortened before the endings -m, -t, and -nt.
- The perfect and pluperfect passive of the subjunctive mood are formed by combining the perfect passive participle with the present and imperfect subjunctive of sum.
Grammar Rule
- Indirect question. An indirect question is a substantive clause used after a verb of asking, telling, knowing, wondering, or the like, and is introduced by an interrogative word, adverb, pronoun, or adjective. The verb is in the subjunctive.
- Tenses. When the main verb does not refer to past time, the present subjunctive is used in the dependent clause to indicate an unfinished act, the perfect subjunctive to indicate a finished act.
- When the main verb refers to past time, the imperfect subjunctive is used in the dependent clause to indicate an unfinished act, the pluperfect subjunctive to indicate a finished act.
Chapter 48 Grammar Notes
Subjunctive Mood: Perfect Tense
Perfect Active Subjunctive |
Perfect Passive Subjunctive |
As you saw above, the rules for forming the Perfect Active Subjunctive are as follows:
As you saw above, the rules for forming the Perfect Passive Subjunctive are as follows:
- Go to the 3rd Principal Part of your verb and drop the "i" (Perfect Stem)
- Add the Subjunctive infix "-eri-"
- Add your endings ("m, s, t, mus, tis, nt")
As you saw above, the rules for forming the Perfect Passive Subjunctive are as follows:
- Go to the 4th Principal Part of your verb
- Add the Present Subjunctive form of "esse" (sim, sis, sit, simis, sitis, sint)
- Remember, the 4th Principal Part is participial and must agree in CASE, NUMBER and GENDER with its subject!
Subjunctive Mood: Pluperfect Tense
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive |
Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive |
As you saw above, the rules for forming the Pluperfect Active Subjunctive are as follows:
As you saw above, the rules for forming the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive are as follows:
- Go to the Perfect Active Infinitive (3rdPrincipal Part, drop the "-i" and add "-isse")
- Add our personal verb endings "-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt"
As you saw above, the rules for forming the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive are as follows:
- Follow the same approach as Pluperfect Indicative Passive (4th Principal Part + Imperfect Tense form of "esse")
- Instead of using the Indicative Imperfect Tense form of "esse," use the Subjunctive form (essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent)
- Remember, you need to use the plural forms of the 4th PP for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Person Plural forms of the verb!
Subjunctive Mood: Indirect Questions
In this chapter, you were introduced to what are called "Indirect Questions." What exactly is a "Direct" or "Indirect" question, though? Let's unpack it:
Direct Question: When the speaker or narrator gives an exact quote of what someone said. This quote will be in quotation marks.
Ex. The boy asked, "Where is everyone?"
Indirect Question: When the speaker or narrator gives another person's words without directly quoting them.
Ex. The boy asked where everyone was.
In Latin, we express Indirect Questions through subordinate clauses and the Subjunctive Mood.
The basic rules are these:
Direct Question: When the speaker or narrator gives an exact quote of what someone said. This quote will be in quotation marks.
Ex. The boy asked, "Where is everyone?"
Indirect Question: When the speaker or narrator gives another person's words without directly quoting them.
Ex. The boy asked where everyone was.
In Latin, we express Indirect Questions through subordinate clauses and the Subjunctive Mood.
The basic rules are these:
- Indirect Questions will have two clauses -- the Main Clause will stay Indicative, while the Subordinate Clause becomes Subjunctive
- The Indirect Question in the subordinate clause will be introduced by the same interrogative word that started the direct question, such as "cur" (why?), "ubi" (where?), "quis" (who?), "quando" (when?), "quid" (what?) or "quomodo" (how?)
- Also, look for verbs of asking as a hint that an Indirect Question is happening (rogare, petere, quaerere, etc.)
Indirect Question: Sequence of Tenses
Keep in mind the tenses of each verb, too. If the Main Verb is in the Perfect, Pluperfect or Future Perfect Tense (which is what we have seen so far):
- If the Subordinate Clause verb is happening AT THE SAME TIME as the action of the Main Verb, we use the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
- Ex. "Puer rogavit ubi puella esset." (The boy asked where the girl was)
- If the Subordinate Clause verb is happening BEFORE the action of the Main Verb, we use the PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE
- Ex. "Puer rogavit ubi puella fuisset." (The boy asked where the girl had been)
Chapter 48 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of the following verbs: sum, perturbō, noceō, statuō, reperiō, cōnor, conloquor, ēgredior, potior, persuādeō, agō, audiō.
II. Give a synopsis in the indicative and subjunctive active and passive of the following verbs:
coniungō, 3d person singular
cōnspiciō, 1st person plural
dēleō, 3d person plural
dō, 2d person plural
ferō, 1st person singular
reperiō, 3d person singular
III. State the form and explain the use of the italicized verbs in the following sentences:
A. 1. Amīcus Caesaris maximē perturbātur.
2. Caesar scit suum amīcum maximē perturbārī.
3. Caesar scit suum amīcum maximē perturbātum esse.
4. Caesar scīvit suum amīcum maximē perturbārī.
5. Caesar scīvit suum amīcum maximē perturbātum esse.
B. 1. Amīcus Caesaris maximē perturbātur.
2. Caesar scit cūr amīcus perturbētur.
3. Caesar scit cūr amīcus perturbātus sit.
4. Caesar scīvit cūr amīcus perturbārētur.
5. Caesar scīvit cūr amīcus perturbātus esset.
C. 1. Caesar repperit Helvētiōs ex fīnibus suīs ēgredī.
2. Caesar repperit cũr Helvētiī ex fīnibus suīs ēgrederentur.
II. Give a synopsis in the indicative and subjunctive active and passive of the following verbs:
coniungō, 3d person singular
cōnspiciō, 1st person plural
dēleō, 3d person plural
dō, 2d person plural
ferō, 1st person singular
reperiō, 3d person singular
III. State the form and explain the use of the italicized verbs in the following sentences:
A. 1. Amīcus Caesaris maximē perturbātur.
2. Caesar scit suum amīcum maximē perturbārī.
3. Caesar scit suum amīcum maximē perturbātum esse.
4. Caesar scīvit suum amīcum maximē perturbārī.
5. Caesar scīvit suum amīcum maximē perturbātum esse.
B. 1. Amīcus Caesaris maximē perturbātur.
2. Caesar scit cūr amīcus perturbētur.
3. Caesar scit cūr amīcus perturbātus sit.
4. Caesar scīvit cūr amīcus perturbārētur.
5. Caesar scīvit cūr amīcus perturbātus esset.
C. 1. Caesar repperit Helvētiōs ex fīnibus suīs ēgredī.
2. Caesar repperit cũr Helvētiī ex fīnibus suīs ēgrederentur.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. The Helvetians will harm their neighbors if they march through new regions.
2. We decided to find out where the Helvetians were going.
3. Did you observe how great was the number of carts?
4. First we shall confer with our friends and inform them about the departure.
5. They noticed that the Helvetians had gone out of their territory.
6. You will find out who joined (with them) as allies.
7. They asked whether the plans which had been formed (having been formed) plans had been carried out.
8. We shall tell them what has been accomplished.
2. We decided to find out where the Helvetians were going.
3. Did you observe how great was the number of carts?
4. First we shall confer with our friends and inform them about the departure.
5. They noticed that the Helvetians had gone out of their territory.
6. You will find out who joined (with them) as allies.
7. They asked whether the plans which had been formed (having been formed) plans had been carried out.
8. We shall tell them what has been accomplished.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 48 Perfect Tense Subjunctive Mood Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 48 Pluperfect Tense Subjunctive Mood Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 48 Indirect Question Translation Practice
Chapter 48 Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 48 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 48 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 48 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 48 Perfect Tense Subjunctive Mood Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 48 Pluperfect Tense Subjunctive Mood Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 48 Indirect Question Translation Practice
Chapter 48 Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 48 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 48 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 48 Noun Ending Chart (All)