Chapter 49 Vocabulary
at, but, but on the other hand
audeō, -ēre, ausus sum, to dare cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessūrus, to go away; give way, yield coepī, coepisse, coeptus, began contra (+acc.), against, opposite to dubitō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to doubt, hesitate exerceō, -ēre, exercuī, exercitus, to train, practice iugum, ī, n., yoke, ridge labor, -ōris, m., toil, effort licet, licēre, licuit, it is permitted, may perrumpō, -ere, perrūpī, perruptus, to break through, force a way through |
repellō, -ere, reppulī, repulsus, to drive back, repulse, ward off
revertor, revertī (infinitive), revertī (perfect), reversus (perf. pass. participle), to turn back, go back (present system is deponent; perfect system is built on perfect active stem) satis, sufficiently, enough sub, under, beneath ulterior, -ius, farther, further vīs, vim (acc.), vī (abl.), force, violence voluntās, -tātis, f., wish, good will |
Chapter 49 Derivatives
audēre: audacious
cēdere: cede, deceased, cease, precede, intercede, recede, ancestor, exceed, secession, concede, proceed, recess dubitāre: doubt, indubitable exercēre: exercise iugum: subjugation, jugular, conjugation, conjunction, junction |
labor: labor, laboratory, laborious, collaborate, elaborate
licēre: illicit, elicit, license repellere: repel, repulse, repulsive, repellent satis: satisfy, satiate, insatiable, satisfaction voluntās: voluntary, volunteer |
DĒ CAESARE ET HELVĒTIĪS
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Caesarī cum cōnsilia Helvētiōrum nūntiāta essent, Rōmā celeriter profectus est. Magnīs itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit et ad Genavam pervēnit. Mīlitum quam maximum numerum coēgit atque pontem quī erat ad Genavam dēlērī iussit. Cum Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā cōgeret, Helvētiī lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Lēgātī rogāvērunt ut eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere licēret. Caesar cum memoriā tenēret Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse, eīs iter dare dubitāvit. Sēnsit autem quālēs essent Helvētiī, neque hominēs bellicōsōs sine inīuriā iter per prōvinciam factūrōs esse exīstimābat. Cum satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā nōn habēret, eō tempore contrā Helvētiōs bellum gerere nōluit. Itaque lēgātōs post aliquot diēs revertī iussit. Interim Caesar et legiō decima rīpam Rhodanī multa mīlia passuum mūrō fossāque mūnīre coepērunt. Mīlitēs, superiōribus proeliīs exercitī, brevissimō tempore rem perfēcērunt. Ubi lēgātī Helvētiī diē cōnstitūtā ad Caesarem revertērunt, sē Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam dare posse negāvit. Cum Caesar eīs iter nōn dedisset, tamen Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt. Aliī navibus, aliī vadīs flumen trānsīre ausī sunt. Magnus fuit labor Helvētiōrum at frūstrā ausī sunt. Helvētiī cum diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere cōnārentur, id tamen perficere nōn potuērunt. Tandem, mūnītiōne et mīlitum tēlīs repulsī, cessērunt. Caesarī cum cōnsilia Helvētiōrum nūntiāta essent, Rōmā celeriter profectus est. Magnīs itineribus in Galliam ulteriōrem contendit et ad Genavam pervēnit. Mīlitum quam maximum numerum coēgit atque pontem quī erat ad Genavam dēlērī iussit. Cum Caesar mīlitēs ex prōvinciā cōgeret, Helvētiī lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt. Lēgātī rogāvērunt ut eius voluntāte Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam facere licēret. Caesar cum memoriā tenēret Helvētiōs quondam exercitum Rōmānum sub iugum mīsisse, eīs iter dare dubitāvit. Sēnsit autem quālēs essent Helvētiī, neque hominēs bellicōsōs sine inīuriā iter per prōvinciam factūrōs esse exīstimābat. Cum satis magnum numerum mīlitum in Galliā nōn habēret, eō tempore contrā Helvētiōs bellum gerere nōluit. Itaque lēgātōs post aliquot diēs revertī iussit. Interim Caesar et legiō decima rīpam Rhodanī multa mīlia passuum mūrō fossāque mūnīre coepērunt. Mīlitēs, superiōribus proeliīs exercitī, brevissimō tempore rem perfēcērunt. Ubi lēgātī Helvētiī diē cōnstitūtā ad Caesarem revertērunt, sē Helvētiīs iter per prōvinciam dare posse negāvit. Cum Caesar eīs iter nōn dedisset, tamen Helvētiī vī flūmen trānsīre coepērunt. Aliī navibus, aliī vadīs flumen trānsīre ausī sunt. Magnus fuit labor Helvētiōrum at frūstrā ausī sunt. Helvētiī cum diē noctūque mūnītiōnem perrumpere cōnārentur, id tamen perficere nōn potuērunt. Tandem, mūnītiōne et mīlitum tēlīs repulsī, cessērunt. Nota Bene:
Ad Genavam pervēnit, came into the neighborhood of Geneva Post aliquot diēs, after several days |
English TranslationWhen the plans of the Helvetii were announced to Caesar, he quickly set out from Rome. Through great journeys he hastened into further Gaul and came to Geneva. He gathered as many soldiers as possible and ordered the bridge which was at Geneva to be destroyed. When Caesar collected soldiers from the province, the Helvetii sent messengers to him. The envoys asked that it may be permitted by his will for the Helvetii to make a journey through the province.
Caesar, since he remembered (lit. "held in memory") that the Helvetii had sent a certain Roman army under the yoke, hesitated to give the journey to them. He realized, however, of what sort the Helvetii were, and did not judge that the most warlike people were going to make a journey through the province without injury. Since he did not have enough of a great number of soldiers in Gaul, he did not want to wage war against the Helvetii at that time. And so he ordered the envoys after several days to return. Meanwhile Caesar and the 10th legion began to fortify the bank of the Rhone river for many thousands of paces with a wall and ditch. The soldiers, having been trained in battles, completed this in the shortest time. When the Helvetii envoys on the established day returned to Caesar, he denied that he was able to give a journey for the Helvetii through the province. Although Caesar had not given the journey to them, nevertheless the Helvetii began to cross over the river by force. Some by boats, other by the shallows dared to cross the river. It was a great labor of the Helvetii but they dared in vain. Although the Helvetii tried to burst through the defenses by day and by night, nevertheless they were not able to accomplish this. Finally, having been repelled by the defenses and weapons of the soldiers, they yielded. |
DĒ CAESARE ET HELVĒTIĪS : Responde Latine
1. Quibus temporibus Caesar Rōmā profectus est?
*Quibus temporibus, under what circumstances? 2. Ad quem locum pervēnit? 3. Quid ibi ēgit? 4. Quibus temporibus Helvētiī lēgātōs ad Caesarem mīsērunt? 5. Cūr Caesar eīs iter dare dubitāvit? 6. Cūr bellum contrā Helvētiōs gerere nōluit? |
7. Quid lēgātōs facere iussit?
8. Quid Caesar et legiō decima agere coepērunt? 9. Quandō Caesar Helvētiīs iter dare posse negāvit? 10. Cum Caesar eīs iter nōn dedisset quid tamen Helvētiī fēcērunt? 11. Quōmodo Helvētiī flūmen trānsīre ausī sunt? 12. Cum Helvētiī mūnītiōnem perrumpere cònarentur quid tamen perficere nōn potuērunt? |
DĒ CAESARE ET HELVĒTIĪS: Discussion
- In the story Dē Caesare et Helvētiis, there are many dependent clauses introduced by the conjunction cum. What mood is used in all these clauses? The conjunction cum may be translated when, since, or although; it occasionally takes the indicative, but more often the subjunctive.
- Cum, when, referring to present or future time, always takes the indicative, and is called cum temporal.
- Cum, when, referring to past time, takes the indicative if it shows merely the time at which the action occurred, and is also called cum temporal. Cum with the indicative, however, is not very common, because even when the English translation would be when, the clause introduced usually refers to circumstance, cause, or the like, and hence falls under one of the following heads.
- Cum, when, introducing a clause which shows the circumstances under which the action of the main verb occurred, takes the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, and is called cum circumstantial.
- Cum, since, introducing a clause which shows the reason or cause for the action of the main verb, takes the subjunctive and is called cum causal.
- Cum, although, introducing a clause which shows in spite of what the action of the main verb occurs, takes the subjunctive and is called cum concessive or cum adversative.
- Find examples of the different cum clauses in the story.
- The impersonal verb licet, it is permitted, may, takes the following constructions:
- the infinitive with or without subject accusative
- the dative and the infinitive
- the subjunctive without ut
- The verb revertor, return, is a semideponent; the present, imperfect, and future tenses are deponent, but the perfect system has the regular active forms and is built from the perfect indicative form reverti. A synopsis in the third singular has the following forms: pres. revertitur, imp. revertēbātur, fut. revertētur, perf. revertit, plup. reverterat, fut perf. reverterit,
- The verb audeo, audēre, ausus sum, dare, is also a semideponent, but in this verb the present system is active and the perfect system is passive, though in all tenses the translation is active.
- The verb coepi, coepisse, coeptus, began is a defective verb-- that is, the present system is lacking; and so only the tenses built on the perfect stem are used. The translation for the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect, is I have begun (began), I had begun, I shall have begun.
Grammar Rule
- Cum clauses.
- Cum, when, referring to present or future time, takes the indicative.
- Cum, when, referring to past time and showing pure time, takes the indicative.
- Cum, when, referring to past time and showing circumstance, takes the subjunctive, either imperfect or pluperfect.
- Cum, since, takes the subjunctive.
- Cum, although, takes the subjunctive.
Chapter 49 Grammar Notes
Subjunctive Mood: "Cum" Clauses
Temporal "Cum" Clauses
When the word "cum" is used with the Indicative mood, it can show the precise time of an action. This is known as a "temporal" clause, since it is referring to the time the action happened.
Ex. "Cum hoc vīdī, rīsī." (When I saw this, I laughed.)
Ex. "Cum hoc vīdī, rīsī." (When I saw this, I laughed.)
Circumstantial "Cum" Clauses
- In these clauses, "cum" is translated as "when" and goes with a Subjunctive Mood verb
- These clauses describe the circumstances that accompanied or preceded the action of the Main Verb
- Cum quattuor diēs nāvigāvissēmus, subitō maxima tempestās coorta est.
When we had sailed for four days, suddenly a very great storm arose. - In the example above, the verb "navigavissemus" is in the Subjunctive Mood (Pluperfect Tense) and it's telling us the circumstances BEFORE the storm arose (it's before because it is Pluperfect Tense)
Causal and Concessive "Cum" Clauses
Causal
- In these clauses, "cum" is translated as "since" or "because" and go with a Subjunctive Mood verb
- These clauses show the reason for the action of the Main Verb
- Ex. "Magister nāvis, cum valdē timēret, suōs vetuit nōs adiuvāre.
The captain of the ship, since/because he was very frightened, forbid his own men to help us. - In the example above, "timeret" is in the Subjunctive Mood (Imperfect Tense) and is explaining why the captain forbid his men from helping us
Semi-Deponent and Defective Verbs
In previous chapters, we were introduced to "deponent verbs" and we learned that these are verbs with PASSIVE endings, but ACTIVE meanings. In this chapter, we will look at "semi-deponent" verbs, which are verbs that have normal ACTIVE endings and meaning in the Present, Imperfect and Future tense, but PASSIVE forms with ACTIVE meanings in the Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect tenses. The semi-deponent verb we used in this chapter was "audeō, audēre, ausus sum + Inf., to dare (to)", but here is a list of others worth knowing:
audeō, audēre, ausus sum + Inf., to dare (to)
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum, to be glad, rejoice
soleō, solēre, solitus sum + Inf., to be accustomed (to), be in the habit of
fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum, to trust
audeō, audēre, ausus sum + Inf., to dare (to)
gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum, to be glad, rejoice
soleō, solēre, solitus sum + Inf., to be accustomed (to), be in the habit of
fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum, to trust
Chapter 49 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give a synopsis of the following verbs:
audeō, third singular indicative and subjunctive
revertor, third plural indicative and subjunctive
cēdō, first plural indicative and subjunctive
coepī, third singular indicative and subjunctive
II. Write the following sentence in three ways using the verb licet: They were not permitted to leave the Helvetian state.
III. Complete the verb in each clause by supplying the proper word or ending and translate the sentence into English:
1. Cum Helvētiī dē Caesaris adventū certiōrēs factī _____ lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt.
2. Cum Helvētiī bellicōsī _____, Caesarēīs iter dare dubitat.
3. Ducēs Helvētiīs imperāvērunt ut flūmen vī trāns_____.
4. Cum Helvétii flūmen trānsīre ausī _____ , tamen mūnītiōnem perrumpere nōn poterant.
5. Mūnītiō effēcit ut Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam facere nōn poss_____ .
6. Scīmus cūr Helvētiī cess_____ .
7. Intellēximus quis quondam Rōmānās sub iugum mīs_____.
audeō, third singular indicative and subjunctive
revertor, third plural indicative and subjunctive
cēdō, first plural indicative and subjunctive
coepī, third singular indicative and subjunctive
II. Write the following sentence in three ways using the verb licet: They were not permitted to leave the Helvetian state.
III. Complete the verb in each clause by supplying the proper word or ending and translate the sentence into English:
1. Cum Helvētiī dē Caesaris adventū certiōrēs factī _____ lēgātōs ad eum mīsērunt.
2. Cum Helvētiī bellicōsī _____, Caesarēīs iter dare dubitat.
3. Ducēs Helvētiīs imperāvērunt ut flūmen vī trāns_____.
4. Cum Helvétii flūmen trānsīre ausī _____ , tamen mūnītiōnem perrumpere nōn poterant.
5. Mūnītiō effēcit ut Helvētiī iter per prōvinciam facere nōn poss_____ .
6. Scīmus cūr Helvētiī cess_____ .
7. Intellēximus quis quondam Rōmānās sub iugum mīs_____.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. When Caesar had been informed of the Helvetians' plans, he came into Farther Gaul.
2. The Helvetians wished to march through the Roman province with Caesar's good will.
3. He began to fortify the banks of the Rhone in order to repulse the Helvetians more easily.
4. Although the effort was great, the trained soldiers accomplished the task very quickly.
5. Since Caesar does not have a sufficiently large number of soldiers in Gaul, he does not dare to wage war against the Helvetians.
6. But he quickly returned to Italy in order to collect several legions.
2. The Helvetians wished to march through the Roman province with Caesar's good will.
3. He began to fortify the banks of the Rhone in order to repulse the Helvetians more easily.
4. Although the effort was great, the trained soldiers accomplished the task very quickly.
5. Since Caesar does not have a sufficiently large number of soldiers in Gaul, he does not dare to wage war against the Helvetians.
6. But he quickly returned to Italy in order to collect several legions.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 49 Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 49 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 49 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 49 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 49 Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 49 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 49 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 49 Noun Ending Chart (All)