Chapter 50 Vocabulary
abdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, to lead away, carry off
aggredior, -gredī, -gressus sum, to approach; attack cōnservō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to keep safe, preserve cōnsīdō, -ere, -sēdī, -sessūrus, to take a seat, encamp dīmittō, -ere, mīsī, missus, to send forth, dismiss enim, for expugnō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to capture, take by assault facultās, -tātis, f., opportunity; resources; ability īnfluō, -ere, flūxī, flūxus, to flow in iūdicō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus, to judge largior, -īrī, -ītus sum, to bribe mandō, -āre, āvī, ātus, to commit, hand over moror, -ārī, -ātus sum, to delay, wait |
praeficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectus, to put in charge of, set over
prōgredior, -gredī, -gressus sum, to go forth, proceed, advance quā, where redeō, -īre, -iī, -itūrus, to return, go back sequor, sequī, secūtus sum, to follow simul, at the same time simul ac/simul atque, as soon as trādūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductus, to lead across tueor, -ērī, tūtus sum, to watch over, guard vāstō, -āre, āvī, ātus, to lay waste, devastate |
Chapter 50 Derivatives
abdūcere: abduct, abductor, abduction
aggredī: aggressive, aggressor, aggression cōnservāre: conserve, conservation, conservatory, conservative dīmittere: dismiss facultās: faculty īnfluere: influx, influence iūdicāre: judication, judge, judicial mandāre: mandatory, mandate, demand, remand, command |
morārī: demur, moratorium
praeficere: prefect prōgredī: progression, progress, progressive sequī: sequence, "non sequitur", subsequent, segue, consecutive, consequence, prosecute, persecute, sequel, ensue, execute, persue, sect simul: simultaneous, simulation, simulcast tuērī: tutelage, intuition, intuitive, tutor, tuition vāstāre: devastate, devastation, waste |
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM ITINERE I
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Relinquēbātur ūna per Sēquanōs via, quā Sēquanīs invītīs īre nōn poterant. Hīs cum suā sponte Helvētiī persuadēre nōn possent, cum Dumnorīge Haeduō, amīcō suō, conlocūtī sunt. Dumnorīx erat cupidus rēgnandī. Apud Sēquanōs plūrimum poterat quod magnās facultātēs ad largiendum comparāverat. Helvētiī Dumnorīgem certiōrem fēcērunt omnia esse parāta ad ēgrediendum. Dīxērunt sē Caesarem neque ōrandō neque pugnandō addūere potuisse. Dumnorīgem ōrāvērunt ut perficeret ut Sēquanī Helvētiīs iter per fīnēs suōs darent. Dumnorīx eōs rogāvit ut fīnem dīcendī facerent; dīxit sē Sēquanīs persuādēre cōnātūrum esse. Dumnorīx Sequanīs persuāsit ut per fīnēs suōs Helvētiōs in Santonum fīnēs prōgredī paterentur. Caesarī cum id nūntiātum esset, Helvētiōs itinere prohibēre statuit. Iūdicāvit enim magnō cum perīculō prōvinciae futūrum esse ut Helvētiī in Santonum fīnibus essent. Itaque eī mūnītiōnī quam fēcerat T. Labiēnum lēgātum praefēcit. Decima legiō quoque in Galliā ad mūnītiōnem dēfendendam mānsit. Caesar ipse in Italiam magnīs itineribus conendit ad plūrēs legiōnēs cōgendās. Brevī tempore cum quīnque legiōnibus in ulteriōrem Galliam rediit et in fīnibus Segusiāvōrum cōnsēdit. Interim Helvētiī per fīnēs Sēquanōrum suās cōpiās trādūxerant, et in Haeduōrum fīnēs pervēnerant eōrumque agrōs vāstābant. Haeduī cum sē ab eīs dēfendere nōn possent, lēgātōs ad Caesarem mīsērunt ad auxilium petendum. Dīxērunt sē auxilium petere līberōrum cōnservandōrum atque oppidōrum tuendōrum causā. Relinquēbātur ūna per Sēquanōs via, quā Sēquanīs invītīs īre nōn poterant. Hīs cum suā sponte Helvētiī persuadēre nōn possent, cum Dumnorīge Haeduō, amīcō suō, conlocūtī sunt. Dumnorīx erat cupidus rēgnandī. Apud Sēquanōs plūrimum poterat quod magnās facultātēs ad largiendum comparāverat. Helvētiī Dumnorīgem certiōrem fēcērunt omnia esse parāta ad ēgrediendum. Dīxērunt sē Caesarem neque ōrandō neque pugnandō addūere potuisse. Dumnorīgem ōrāvērunt ut perficeret ut Sēquanī Helvētiīs iter per fīnēs suōs darent. Dumnorīx eōs rogāvit ut fīnem dīcendī facerent; dīxit sē Sēquanīs persuādēre cōnātūrum esse. Dumnorīx Sequanīs persuāsit ut per fīnēs suōs Helvētiōs in Santonum fīnēs prōgredī paterentur. Caesarī cum id nūntiātum esset, Helvētiōs itinere prohibēre statuit. Iūdicāvit enim magnō cum perīculō prōvinciae futūrum esse ut Helvētiī in Santonum fīnibus essent. Itaque eī mūnītiōnī quam fēcerat T. Labiēnum lēgātum praefēcit. Decima legiō quoque in Galliā ad mūnītiōnem dēfendendam mānsit. Caesar ipse in Italiam magnīs itineribus conendit ad plūrēs legiōnēs cōgendās. Brevī tempore cum quīnque legiōnibus in ulteriōrem Galliam rediit et in fīnibus Segusiāvōrum cōnsēdit. Interim Helvētiī per fīnēs Sēquanōrum suās cōpiās trādūxerant, et in Haeduōrum fīnēs pervēnerant eōrumque agrōs vāstābant. Haeduī cum sē ab eīs dēfendere nōn possent, lēgātōs ad Caesarem mīsērunt ad auxilium petendum. Dīxērunt sē auxilium petere līberōrum cōnservandōrum atque oppidōrum tuendōrum causā. Nota Bene:
Suă sponte, of their own accord T., Titum, acc. of Titus |
English TranslationOne route remained through Sequani (territory), by which they were not able to go with the Sequani unwilling.
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DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM ITINERE I: Responde Latine
1. Quae via relinquēbātur?
2. Cūr Helvētiī cum Dumnorige conlocūtī sunt? 3. Cuius reī erat Dumnorix cupidus? 4. Quid comparāverat? 5. Quō cōnsiliō erant omnia parāta? 6. Quōmodo Caesarem addūcere cònati sunt? 7. Quid Dumnorix eōs rogāvit? |
8. Quid Dumnorix Sēquanīs persuāsit?
9. Quid Caesar agere statuit? 10. Quō cōnsiliō legiō decima in Galliā mānsit? 11. Quō cōnsiliō Caesar in Ītaliam contendit? 12. Quō cōnsiliō Haeduī lēgātās ad Caesarem mīsērunt? 13. Quō cōnsiliō Haeduī auxilium petiērunt? |
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM ITINERE I: Discussion
- In the sentence Dumnorix erat cupidus rēgnandi, in what case and number is rēgnandi? What is its declension? From what verb is it made? What stem is used? Rēgnandi is called a gerund. A gerund expresses the action of a verb but has the form of a noun. The gerund for all conjugations is formed by shortening the stem vowel of the present stem, and adding "-nd-" or "-end-" and the endings of a neuter noun of the second declension. The gerund is found only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The dative is rarely used and the nominative is lacking, this form being supplied by the present infinitive. The gerund may usually be translated by an English noun in "-ing" and is active in meaning.
- Identify the other gerunds in the first paragraph of the story and explain the case of each.
- In the sentence Decima legio quoque in Galliâ ad mūnītionem dēfendendam mānsit, in what case, gender, and number is dēfendendam? Is dēfendendam a gerund? Is it used as a noun or an adjective? Dēfendendam is an adjectival form of the verb, called a gerundive. The gerundive for all conjugations is formed by shortening the stem vowel of the present stem and adding "-nd-" or "-end-" and the endings of an adjective of the first and second declension. It is found in all genders, numbers, and cases, and must agree with the noun it modifies.
- The gerund is sometimes, though not often, used with a direct object, as in cupidus urbem capiendi, desirous of taking the city; a gerundive construction is preferred, in which the noun that receives the action is in the case required by the context, with the gerundive in agreement with the noun, as in the expression cupidus urbis capiendae, which means the same thing. In this construction, the words urbis capiendae are somewhat like a compound noun; the expression is equivalent to desirous of city-taking; that is, desirous of taking the city; ad mūnītionem dēfendendam means, for fortification-defending; that is, for defending the fortification.
- List the gerundive constructions in the second and third paragraphs of the story. What does each phrase tell about the main verb? How are these phrases made up? The gerundive construction is frequently used to show purpose; so also is the gerund. Purpose is expressed by ad and the accusative, or by the genitive with causā.
DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM ITINERE II
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases, How?, Agent)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone)
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Story
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Lēgātīs quī plūra dictūrī erant Caesar respondit: “Helvētiī prōvinciae atque sociīs magnopere nocent. Omnia sua oppida vīcōsque incendērunt. Fīnēs eōrum vāstātī sunt; domī nihil est. Fīnēs fīnitimōrum autem nōn vāstandī sunt. Domum Helvētiīs redeundum est. Līberī enim sociōrum Rōmānōrum in servitūtem abdūcī nōn dēbent. Līberī vestrī cōnservandī sunt. Oppida sociōrum Rōmānōrum expugnārī nōn dēbent. Oppida vestra tuenda sunt. Mihi, vērō, bellum gerendum erit. Cōpiae Helvētiōrum itinere prohibendae erunt. Sociī Rōmānī ab iniūriā tuendī sunt.” Hōc dictō Caesar lēgātōs dīmīsit. Simul ac discessērunt Caesar sibi nōn morandum esse statuit. Putāvit Helvētiōs sine morā superandōs esse. Itaque Helvētiōs secūtus est. Flūmen erat Arar quod per fīnēs Haeduōrum et Sēquanōrum in Rhodanum īnflūxit. Id Helvētiīs trānseundum erat. Helvētiī iam trēs partēs cōpiārum id flūmen trādūxerant. Quārta pars trānsitūra erat. Caesar eōs Helvētiōs quī impedītī flūmen trānsitūrī erant aggressus magnam partem eōrum occīdit. Relinquī sēsē fugae mandāvērunt. Lēgātīs quī plūra dictūrī erant Caesar respondit: “Helvētiī prōvinciae atque sociīs magnopere nocent. Omnia sua oppida vīcōsque incendērunt. Fīnēs eōrum vāstātī sunt; domī nihil est. Fīnēs fīnitimōrum autem nōn vāstandī sunt. Domum Helvētiīs redeundum est. Līberī enim sociōrum Rōmānōrum in servitūtem abdūcī nōn dēbent. Līberī vestrī cōnservandī sunt. Oppida sociōrum Rōmānōrum expugnārī nōn dēbent. Oppida vestra tuenda sunt. Mihi, vērō, bellum gerendum erit. Cōpiae Helvētiōrum itinere prohibendae erunt. Sociī Rōmānī ab iniūriā tuendī sunt.” Hōc dictō Caesar lēgātōs dīmīsit. Simul ac discessērunt Caesar sibi nōn morandum esse statuit. Putāvit Helvētiōs sine morā superandōs esse. Itaque Helvētiōs secūtus est. Flūmen erat Arar quod per fīnēs Haeduōrum et Sēquanōrum in Rhodanum īnflūxit. Id Helvētiīs trānseundum erat. Helvētiī iam trēs partēs cōpiārum id flūmen trādūxerant. Quārta pars trānsitūra erat. Caesar eōs Helvētiōs quī impedītī flūmen trānsitūrī erant aggressus magnam partem eōrum occīdit. Relinquī sēsē fugae mandāvērunt. |
English Translationasd
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DĒ HELVĒTIŌRUM ITINERE II: Discussion
- In the sentence Finēs finitimorum non vāstandi sunt, what are the two parts of the verb vāstandi sunt? What is vāstandi? With what does it agree? The gerundive combined with a form of sum is used to denote an action which is to be done, has to be done, or must be done. The gerundive combined with the forms of sum makes the passive periphrastic conjugation. This conjugation denotes obligation or necessity and is always passive in meaning; as, Fīnēs non vāstandi sunt, The territory is not to be devastated, or The territory must not be devastated.
- In the sentence Mihi bellum gerendum erit, in what tense is erit? What is its subject? Is the doer or agent expressed in this sentence? What is the case of mihi? With the passive periphrastic conjugation the agent is usually in the dative, called the dative of agent. The literal translation of this sentence is: For me there will be war to be waged; but it is usually translated, I shall have to wage war. Thus the dative of agent is translated as the subject.
- When an intransitive verb is used in the passive periphrastic, the form of sum must be third person singular, as if the verb were impersonal; as, Helvētiis redeundum est, The Helvetians must return.
- List the other passive periphrastic forms in the story and give the tense of each. Pick out the subject of each and state the agent when expressed.
- In the clause qui plura dicturi erant, what are the two parts of the verb dictūri erant? What is dictūri? With what does it agree? What is the literal meaning of dictūri erant? The future active participle combined with a form of sum is used to denote an action which is about to take place. The future active participle combined with the forms of sum makes the active periphrastic conjugation. This conjugation denotes intention or futurity and is always active; as, dictūri erant, they were about to speak or they were intending to speak.
Grammar Rules
- Purpose. Purpose may be expressed by ad followed by the accusative of the gerund or of the gerundive.
- Purpose may be expressed by the genitive of the gerund or of the gerundive followed by causā.
- Active periphrastic. The active periphrastic is used to express intention or futurity.
- Passive periphrastic. The passive periphrastic is used to express obligation or necessity.
- Dative of agent. The dative is used with the passive periphrastic to denote agency.
Chapter 50 Grammar Notes
Gerunds and Gerundives
Gerund: Verbal Noun
In this chapter, we were introduced to a new form of a verb which looked like this:
Dumnorīx erat cupidus rēgnandī. (Dumnorix was desirous of ruling.)
What form is "rēgnandi" though? Is it a noun? A verb? It clearly come from the verb "regno, regnare" which means "to rule", so why is it using what appears to be a noun ending? This form is what we call a "gerund."
A gerund, as the discussion above states, is a verb being used as a noun. So, for example, if you turn the verb "to rule" into a noun you would get "ruling" as in "desirous of ruling". In that example, do you see how "ruling" seems to be functioning as a noun? That's the idea of a gerund. There are many other examples we can think of in English that might help illustrate this point:
In all conjugations, the Gerund is formed by adding "-nd-" to the Present Stem (the Infinitive without the "-re"). It then uses 2nd Declension Neuter noun endings. The Gerund is also only found in the Singular and it does not have a Nominative form. The Gerund is also usually translated as "-ing" in English.
There are some pretty well known gerund phrases that we still use in English, actually. One of the most common is "modus operandi" ("method of operation" or "m.o.").
A gerund, as the discussion above states, is a verb being used as a noun. So, for example, if you turn the verb "to rule" into a noun you would get "ruling" as in "desirous of ruling". In that example, do you see how "ruling" seems to be functioning as a noun? That's the idea of a gerund. There are many other examples we can think of in English that might help illustrate this point:
- "Speaking is an art form" ("speaking" is a gerund)
- "The art of dancing is difficult" ("dancing" is a gerund)
In all conjugations, the Gerund is formed by adding "-nd-" to the Present Stem (the Infinitive without the "-re"). It then uses 2nd Declension Neuter noun endings. The Gerund is also only found in the Singular and it does not have a Nominative form. The Gerund is also usually translated as "-ing" in English.
There are some pretty well known gerund phrases that we still use in English, actually. One of the most common is "modus operandi" ("method of operation" or "m.o.").
NOTA BENE!
In English, gerunds are trickier than in Latin to recognize since English uses the "-ing" ending a variety of different ways. For example:
- John is dancing. ("dancing" is just a Present Tense form of "to dance" - it is NOT a noun)
- She was a dancing performer. ("dancing" is a present participle -- an adjective describing the noun "performer.")
- Dancing is an art form. ("dancing" is a gerund -- it is functioning as a Noun and the subject of the sentence)
Uses of the Gerund
In Latin, the Gerund is used primarily in the Genitive, Dative and Ablative Cases:
Sometimes, the Gerund is used with the preposition "ad." When this happens, it is being used in the Accusative Case to express purpose:
Note that there is no Nominative form of the Gerund. When a verbal noun is acting as the subject of the sentence (ex. "Dancing is an art form" from above), Latin instead uses an Infinitive:
- Ars cantandi facilis est. (The art of singing is easy.)
- Amare discunt amando. (They learn to love by loving.)
Sometimes, the Gerund is used with the preposition "ad." When this happens, it is being used in the Accusative Case to express purpose:
- Romam ad vivendum bene imus. (We go to Rome to live well.)
Note that there is no Nominative form of the Gerund. When a verbal noun is acting as the subject of the sentence (ex. "Dancing is an art form" from above), Latin instead uses an Infinitive:
- Saltare est ars. ("To dance is an art" or "Dancing is an art")
Gerundive: Verbal Adjective
Let's take a look at another sentence from this chapter:
Decima legio quoque in Gallia ad mūnītionem dēfendendam mānsit. (The tenth legion also remained in Gaul for defending the fortification.)
Look at the word "dēfendendam" closely. It looks like a Gerund, no? It comes from a verb (defendere) and is using the "-nd-" infix before the ending. But look at the ending -- "-am" is not a 2nd Declension Neuter Noun ending. So what is happening here? This form is something called a "Gerundive". A Gerundive is a verb being used as an adjective (hence the "-ive" in the name!). The Gerundive is formed the same way as a Gerund, but it uses 1st/2nd Declension Adjective endings, which means it can function with any gender.
Since Gerundives are adjectives, they modify nouns. In our example above, the Gerundive "defendendam" is modifying "munitionem". In other words, it's not just fortifications, but rather "defending fortifications". That's a bit tough to render in English, so we translate it as "defending the fortification".
Since Gerundives are adjectives, they modify nouns. In our example above, the Gerundive "defendendam" is modifying "munitionem". In other words, it's not just fortifications, but rather "defending fortifications". That's a bit tough to render in English, so we translate it as "defending the fortification".
Active and Passive Periphrastic
Dative of Agent
Chapter 50 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Decline the gerund of the following: aggredior, cōnservō, tueor, dīmittō, largior.
II. Give the gerundive of the same verbs above in the nominative singular.
III. Complete the following sentences by using either a gerund or gerundive construction for the words in parentheses:
1. Vēnimus (to pray).
2. Sumus cupidī (of delaying).
3. Multa (by progressing) vincimus
4. Lēgātōs (to capture the camp) mīsit. (*Two ways)
5. Spēs (of saving the fields) erat magna.
IV. Translate into Latin using the periphrastic conjugations:
1. The Helvetians must be led across.
2. The Helvetians had to be led across.
3. The Helvetians are about to lead their troops across the river.
4. We were about to hand over the hostages.
5. The Helvetians must lead us across.
6. We must return to guard our fields.
7. Dumnorix was about to speak.
8. The Romans had to fortify their camp.
V. Write the following sentences in as many ways as possible:
1. The enemy have come to carry off our children.
2. We shall follow them in order to save our territory.
II. Give the gerundive of the same verbs above in the nominative singular.
III. Complete the following sentences by using either a gerund or gerundive construction for the words in parentheses:
1. Vēnimus (to pray).
2. Sumus cupidī (of delaying).
3. Multa (by progressing) vincimus
4. Lēgātōs (to capture the camp) mīsit. (*Two ways)
5. Spēs (of saving the fields) erat magna.
IV. Translate into Latin using the periphrastic conjugations:
1. The Helvetians must be led across.
2. The Helvetians had to be led across.
3. The Helvetians are about to lead their troops across the river.
4. We were about to hand over the hostages.
5. The Helvetians must lead us across.
6. We must return to guard our fields.
7. Dumnorix was about to speak.
8. The Romans had to fortify their camp.
V. Write the following sentences in as many ways as possible:
1. The enemy have come to carry off our children.
2. We shall follow them in order to save our territory.
Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Caesar had put Labienus in charge of the Roman forces.
2. For he judged that the enemy would try to capture the fortifications.
3. As soon as he had done (did) this he hurried into Italy.
4. Caesar was desirous of conquering the Helvetians.
5. They ought not to send their children into slavery nor to attack their towns.
6. Dumnorix's opportunity for (of) bribing was very great.
7. When Caesar had decided to attack the Helvetians he dismissed the envoys.
8. Do you know into what river this river flows?
9. Since the enemy had encamped here he cut them down.
10. Caesar thought that he must not delay.
2. For he judged that the enemy would try to capture the fortifications.
3. As soon as he had done (did) this he hurried into Italy.
4. Caesar was desirous of conquering the Helvetians.
5. They ought not to send their children into slavery nor to attack their towns.
6. Dumnorix's opportunity for (of) bribing was very great.
7. When Caesar had decided to attack the Helvetians he dismissed the envoys.
8. Do you know into what river this river flows?
9. Since the enemy had encamped here he cut them down.
10. Caesar thought that he must not delay.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 50 Gerund and Gerundive Sentence Translation Practice
Chapter 50 Passive Periphrastic Sentence Translation Practice
Chapter 50 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 50 Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 50 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 50 Noun Ending Chart (All)
Chapter 50 Gerund and Gerundive Sentence Translation Practice
Chapter 50 Passive Periphrastic Sentence Translation Practice
Chapter 50 Sentence Translation (Everything So Far)
Chapter 50 Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect Tense, Subjunctive Mood Conjugation (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 50 Verb Conjugation Practice (All Tenses, Active and Passive Voice, Indicative Mood)
Chapter 50 Noun Ending Chart (All)