31. The Stories of Manlius Torquatus and Valerius Corvus
Ūndētrīgintā post annīs T. Quīnctius dictātor adversus Gallōs, quī in Ītaliam rūrsus vēnerant, cum exercitū missus est. Hī nōn procul ab urbe trāns Aniēnem fluvium castra posuerant. Ibi tum nōbilissimus dē senātōribus iuvenis T. Mānlius Gallum quendam immānī corporis magnitūdine ad singulāre certāmen prōvocantem occīdit. Nārrant etiam auctōrēs Mānlium hostī torquem aureum abreptum collō suō imposuisse et inde Torquātī cognōmen et sibi et posterīs in perpetuum accēpisse. Gallīs cum pavōrem iniēcisset virtūs Mānliī suōsque concitāsset, fit hostium fuga, quī nōn ita multō post in aciē ā dictātōre vīctī sunt. Nē tum quidem fīnis bellandī fuit. Et alius ē Gallīs ūnum ex Rōmānīs prōvocāvit. Tum sē M. Valerius tribūnus mīlitum obtulit, et cum prōcessisset armātus, corvus eī in scūtō sēdit. Mox commissā pugnā cum īdem corvus ālīs et unguibus Gallī oculōs verberāvisset ā tribūnō Valeriō interfectus nōn sōlum victōriam eī sed etiam nōmen dedit.
Anienem—the river Anio (gen. Anienis as if from Anien), flowing into the Tiber three miles above Rome.
ne tum quidem—notice the position of the emphatic word betweenne and quidem.
ne tum quidem—notice the position of the emphatic word betweenne and quidem.
32. The Latin War
Latīnī autem metū Gallōrum sublātō cum Rōmānīs diūtius pārēre nōllent, lēgātōs Rōmam mīsērunt ut eadem ipsī iūra quae Rōmānī habērent. Neque recūsāre sēsē quīn Rōma urbium Latīnārum caput esset; duplicārī tamen senātum, creārī īnsuper quotannīs duōs cōnsulēs Latīnōs dēbēre. Quās conditiōnēs spernentibus Rōmānīs, Latīnum illud bellum coortum est ut disceptārētur utrum Rōmānus Latīnō an Latīnus Rōmānō imperitāret. Diū ancipitī Mārte certātum est. Nārrant auctōrēs cum utrīque cōnsulī somniō obvēnisset, eum populum victōrem fore cuius dux in proeliō cecidisset, convēnisse inter eōs ut is cuius cornū in aciē labōrāret, Dīīs sē Mānibus dēvovēret. Inclīnante suā parte Decium, cum sē et hostēs Dīīs Mānibus dēvōvisset, armātum in equum īnsiluisse et in mediōs hostēs advectum tēlīs obrutum corruisse. Cōnstat sānē Latīnōs fūsōs fugātōsque esse.
neque recusare se—the narrative glides off into the oralio obliqua without any verb to introduce it; 13, note.
Latinum illud bellum--‘the celebrated Latin war.’
ancipiti Marte--‘with doubtful success.’
convenisse--‘that it was agreed.’
Diis Manibus—the Manes, or souls of the dead were worshipped.
Latinum illud bellum--‘the celebrated Latin war.’
ancipiti Marte--‘with doubtful success.’
convenisse--‘that it was agreed.’
Diis Manibus—the Manes, or souls of the dead were worshipped.
33. Roman Discipline
Bellō Latīnō cōnsul T. Mānlius cum mīlitēs parum dictō audientēs animadvertisset, ut licentiae eōrum fīnem impōneret, ēdīxit nē quis iniussū pugnāret. Forte accidit ut fīlium cōnsulis prope statiōnem hostium in equō advectum Latīnus quīdam lacesseret, ad pugnam prōvocandō hīs verbīs ūsus: "Vīsne congredī mēcum ut ab omnibus cernātur quantō Latīnus Rōmānō antecellat?" Tum ferōx iuvenis īrā permōtus Latīnum cōnficit gladiō, spolia in castra ad patrem portat. Cōnsul mīlitēs classicō convocat, quōque modō fīlius sua iussa neglēxerit, docet. Tum ad fīlium conversus, "Disciplīnam," inquit, "tua poena restituēs. Ī, līctor, dēligā ad pālum." Tum iuvenī cervīx secūrī percussa est, flentibus omnibus quī circumstābant et in lāmentā ērumpentibus.
parum dicto audientes--‘disobedient to his commands.’
ut—lacesseret--subject to accidit; 22, note.
quanto—abl. of measure.
ut—lacesseret--subject to accidit; 22, note.
quanto—abl. of measure.
34. The Latins in Subjection
Dēvictīs, ut suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, Latīnīs, urbibusque in potestātem victōrum redāctīs, ūnīcuique eārum nōnnihil largiendō, Rōmānī effēcērunt ut Latīnī magnum ergā sē obsequium adhibērent maiōre ipsōrum quam suī ratiōne habitā. Neque praeteritōrum beneficiōrum oblītī, cum totiēs prō sē dīmicāssent Latīnī, summā in eōs hūmānitāte ūsī tantum cavēbant nē quā sēditiō in posterum inīrētur. Et Latīnī minimē ignārī sibi, sī in officiō permānsissent, cīvitātem aliquandō datum īrī, sēditiōnibus prōrsus dēstitērunt. Quā rē valdē stabilīta est rēspūblica, multīs neque iīs invalidīs cīvitātibus Rōmānōrum ditiōnī parentibus, magnā simul additā clēmentiae opīniōne quā nihil efficācius potest esse ad mentēs hominum cōnfirmandās.
ut supra demonstravimus—‘as we have shown in a former chapter.’
maiore—habita--‘while thinking more of them (the Romans) than of themselves.’ Ipse is used to refer to the original subject when there are several, to avoid confusion.
in officio--‘faithful.’
confirmandas—‘win over.’
maiore—habita--‘while thinking more of them (the Romans) than of themselves.’ Ipse is used to refer to the original subject when there are several, to avoid confusion.
in officio--‘faithful.’
confirmandas—‘win over.’
35. Wars with the Samnites
Iam Rōmānī potentēs esse coepērunt, procul enim ab urbe pugnārī coeptum est, cum per tot annōs apud urbem ancipitī bellō certātum esset. Indictō Sabīnīs bellō L. Papīrius Cursor in hostium fīnēs profectus est. Quī cum Rōmam rediisset, Q. Fabiō Maximō, magistrō equitum, quem apud exercitum relīquit, praecēpit, nē sē absente pugnāret. Is occāsiōnem idōneam nactus hostēs vīcit. Ob quam rem ā dictātōre capitis damnātus, quod sē vetante dīmicāsset, ingentī favōre mīlitum et populī līberātus est. Posteā Samnītēs Rōmānōs Veturiō et Postumiō cōnsulibus apud Furculās Caudīnās angustiīs locōrum conclūsōs ingentī dēdecore vīcērunt et sub iugum mīsērunt. Neque is bellī fīnis fuit. Diū cum ancipitī Mārte pugnātum esset, cōnsulēs Rōmānī cum magnīs cōpiīs profectī Samnītēs ad Sentīnum dēvīcērunt, quamvīs iīs Etrūscī Gallīque auxiliārentur. In vīctōs atrōciter saevītum est: Gāius etiam Pontius dux Samnītium bienniō post captus cum cruciātū necātus est.
Samnites--a race of mountaineers inhabiting the Matese hill-country in Central Italy.
Furculae Caudinae--The Caudine Forks, i.e. the pass of Caudium, a town in the Samnite country.
Sentinum--a town of Central Italy.
devicerunt--stronger than vicerunt.
in victos atrociter saevitum est—‘terrible atrocities were committed on the defeated.’
Furculae Caudinae--The Caudine Forks, i.e. the pass of Caudium, a town in the Samnite country.
Sentinum--a town of Central Italy.
devicerunt--stronger than vicerunt.
in victos atrociter saevitum est—‘terrible atrocities were committed on the defeated.’
36. War with Pyrrhus
Indē Tarentīnīs bellum indictum est quia lēgātīs Rōmānīs iniūriam intulērunt. Hī Pyrrhum, Ēpīrī rēgem, contrā Rōmānōs auxilium poposcērunt. Is mox in Ītaliam vēnit, tumque prīmum Rōmānī cum trānsmarīnō hoste dīmicāvērunt. Missus est contrā eum cōnsul P. Valerius Laevīnus, quī cum explōrātōrēs Pyrrhī cēpisset, iussit eōs per castra dūcī, ostendī omnem exercitum, tumque dīmittī, ut renūntiārent Pyrrhō quaecumque ā Rōmānīs agerentur. Commissā mox pugnā, cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantōrum auxiliō vīcit, quōs incognitōs Rōmānī expāvērunt. Pugnantēs nox dirēmit; Laevīnus tamen per noctem fūgit, Pyrrhus Rōmānōs mīlle octingentōs cēpit eōsque summō honōre tractāvit, occīsōs sepeliendōs cūrāvit. Quōs cum adversō vulnere et trucī vultū etiam mortuōs iacēre vīdisset, tulisse ad caelum manūs dīcitur cum hāc vōce: sē tōtīus orbis dominum esse potuisse, sī tālēs sibi mīlitēs contigissent.
Tarentinis—the people of Tarentum, an important Greek city on the gulf of the same name in S. Italy.
Pyrrhum--King of Epirus, a mountainous province in N. W. Greece.
poposcerunt--Notice the double acc. after the verb of asking.
pugnantes nox diremit--‘night put an end to the contest.’
sepeliendos curavit--‘saw to the burial of.’
adverso vulnere— with their wounds in front.’
Pyrrhum--King of Epirus, a mountainous province in N. W. Greece.
poposcerunt--Notice the double acc. after the verb of asking.
pugnantes nox diremit--‘night put an end to the contest.’
sepeliendos curavit--‘saw to the burial of.’
adverso vulnere— with their wounds in front.’
37. Negotiations with Pyrrhus
Posteā Pyrrhus iūnctīs sibi multīs ē Samnītibus aliīsque gentibus quī odiō īnfēnsī in Rōmānōs erant, omnia ferrō et igne vastāvit. Lēgātī ad Pyrrhum dē redimendīs captīvīs missī ab eō honōrificē exceptī sunt, captīvī sine pretiō redēmptiōnis Rōmam missī. Ūnum ex lēgātīs Rōmānōrum, cui Fābriciō nōmen erat, sīc admīrātus est, ut cum eum pauperem esse cognōvisset, quārtā parte rēgnī prōmissā sollicitāre vellet ut ad sē trānsīret; quam conditiōnem sprēvisse Fābricium virum expertae probitātis auctōrēs nārrant. Quārē cum Pyrrhus ingentī Rōmānōrum admīrātiōne tenērētur, lēgātum mīsit, virum in prīmīs fācundum, Cīneam nōmine, quī pācem aequīs condiciōnibus peteret, ita ut Pyrrhus quam iam armīs occupāsset, Ītaliae partem obtinēret.
in primis—‘particularly.’
38. Renewal of Hostilities
Cum pāx Rōmānīs displicēret, lēgātī ad Pyrrhum missī sunt quī nūntiārent, eum cum Rōmānīs, nisi ex Ītaliā recessisset, pācem habēre nōn posse. Tum Rōmānī iussērunt captīvōs omnēs, quōs Pyrrhus reddiderat, īnfāmēs habērī, quod armātī potuissent cāpī, nec ante eōs ad veterem statum revertī, quam bīnōrum hostium occīsōrum spolia retulissent. Ita lēgātus Pyrrhī reversus est. Ā quō cum quaereret rēx, quālem Rōmam reperisset, Cīneās dīxit, rēgum sē patriam vīdisse; scīlicet tālēs illīc ferē omnēs, quālis ūnus Pyrrhus apud Ēpīrum et reliquam Graeciam putārētur. Inde missī sunt contrā Pyrrhum cōnsulēs. Certāmine commissō Pyrrhus vulnerātus est, elephantī interfectī, vīgintī mīlia caesa hostium, et ex Rōmānīs tantum quīnque mīlia. Pyrrhus igitur Tarentum sē recēpit, nōn enim is erat quī fūsum mīlitem hostī temere obiiceret, gnārus aliquot diērum spatium ad recreandōs suōrum animōs opus esse.
quod...capi—‘for having allowed themselves to be taken prisoners with arms in their hands.’
39. Final Defeat of Pyrrhus
Interiectō annō contrā Pyrrhum Fābricius est missus, cui, ut suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, persuādērī nōn poterat quārtā parte rēgnī prōmissa ut suōs dēstitueret. Inde, cum vīcīna castra ipse et rēx habērent, medicus Pyrrhī ad eum noctū vēnit, prōmīsitque sē Pyrrhum venēnō occīsūrum, sī sibi aurī aliquid darētur. Quem Fābricius vīnctum redūcī iussit Pyrrhōque dīcī quae contrā caput eius medicus spopondisset. Quibus audītīs rēx, "Ille est," inquit, "Fābricius, quī difficilius ā probitāte quam sōl ā cursū suō āvertī potest." Tum rēx ad Siciliam profectus est, Fābricius, victīs iīs quī sē Pyrrhō adiūnxērunt, triumphāvit. Cōnsulēs inde Curius Dentātus et Cornēlius Lentulus adversus Pyrrhum missī sunt. Curius cum atrōciter pugnātum esset, fūsīs rēgis cōpiīs, castra cēpit. Eō diē caesa hostium vīgintī tria mīlia. Dē Pyrrhō triumphum ēgit Curius; idem prīmus elephantōs Rōmam dūxit. Inde Pyrrhus in Graeciam regressus, dum oppidum quoddam vī oppugnat, tēgulā ā muliere coniectā ictūs dēcessit.
de Pyrrho—‘over Pyrrhus.’
40. The Simplicity of the Old Romans
Quamvīs posteā Rōmānī dītiōrēs factī sint, fīnēsque lātiōrēs habuerint, eōs optimā vīvendī ratiōne cum contrā Latīnōs Samnītēs Pyrrhum dīmicārent ūsōs esse cōnfitendum est. Id enim temporis in vītā rūsticā ducēs post bellum exāctum cōnsūmpsērunt aetātem, eā contentī largītiōnēs corruptēlāsque spernēbant. Cūriō ad focum sedentī magnum aurī pondus Samnītēs cum attulissent, repudiātī sunt. Nōn enim aurum habēre praeclārum sibi vidērī dīxit, sed iīs quī habērent aurum imperāre. Poteratne tantus animus nōn efficere iūcundam senectūtem? Ecquis C. Fābriciō potius laudandus vidētur, cuius probitātem vel advena mīrātus sit? Nōnne praeclārum exemplum prōdidit Cincinnātus ille, quī dēvictīs hostibus dictātūrā statim sē abdicāvit, prīvātus ad agellum rediit?
id temporis--‘at that time.’
Cincinnatus ille—‘the celebrated Cincinnatus.’
Cincinnatus ille—‘the celebrated Cincinnatus.’