41. Filial Affection
Neque adhūc fīliī pietāte in patrēs ūtī dēsierant. L. Mānliō, cum dictātor fuisset, M. Pompōnius tribūnus plēbis diē dīxit, quod Titum fīlium, quī posteā, ut dēmōnstrāvimus, est Torquātus appellātus, ab hominibus relēgāsset et rūrī habitāre iussisset. Quod cum audīvisset adolēscēns fīlius negōtium exhibērī patrī, accurrisse Rōmam et cum prīmā lūce Pompōniī domum vēnisse dīcitur. Cui cum esset nūntiātum, quī illum īrātum allātūrum ad sē aliquid contrā patrem arbitrārētur, surrēxit ē lectulō remōtīsque arbitrīs ad sē adolēscentem iussit venīre. At ille, ut ingressus est, cōnfestim gladium dēstrīnxit, iūrāvitque sē illum statim interfectūrum, nisi iūsiūrandum sibi dedisset, sē patrem missum esse factūrum. Iūrāvit hoc coāctus terrōre Pompōnius. Rem ad populum dētulit: docuit, cūr sibi causā dēsistere necesse esset; Mānlium missum fēcit. Tantum temporibus illīs iūsiūrandum valēbat.
negotium exhiberi--‘that annoyance was being occasioned.’
arbitraretur--after qui with a causal force = since he.
missum esse facturum—‘would set free.’
arbitraretur--after qui with a causal force = since he.
missum esse facturum—‘would set free.’
42. First Punic War
Ūndecim annīs postquam Pyrrhus ex Ītaliā recessit, iterum ā Rōmānīs cum trānsmarīnō hoste pugnātum est. Erat in Āfricā urbs Carthāgō cuius incolae Carthāginiēnsēs aut Poenī vocābantur. Quī cum praedōnēs ex urbe Messānā expellere voluissent, Rōmānīque praedōnibus subvēnissent, bellum exortum est. In Siciliā quidem victōria penes Rōmānōs stetit, quibus tamen magnopere nocēbant Poenōrum nāvēs, cum rērum nāvālium imperītī essent. Quīntō autem annō bellī, prīmum Rōmānī in marī dīmicāvērunt parātīs nāvibus rōstrātīs. Cōnsul Duīlius commissō proeliō Poenōs vīcit. Neque ūlla victōria Rōmānīs grātior fuit, quod invictī terrā marī etiam plūrimum posse vidēbantur. Nē id quidem praetereundum est quod Rōmānī, hāctenus nōnnisi pedestrī pugnā nōbilēs, dē hoste rērum maritimārum perītissimō triumphāvērunt.
Carthago—a powerful city on the N. const of Africa, founded in early times by Phoenicians. Till her defeat by the Romans she was the chief maritime power in the world. The Romans had long been jealous of her wealth and influence, and were determined to pick a quarrel.
Messana—(Messina), a city in Sicily on the straits of the same name.
Messana—(Messina), a city in Sicily on the straits of the same name.
43. Appius Claudius Pulcher
Appius Claudius Pulcher, cōnsul adversus Poenōs prōfectus, priōrēs ducēs culpābat sēque quō diē hostium classem vīdisset, bellō fīnem impositūrum iactitābat. Vīsā Poenōrum classe auspicia habērī iussit. Cui cum ā pullāriō esset nūntiātum pullōs neque vēscī neque ē caveā exīre velle, irrīdēns, "Quīn tū," inquit, "in aquam eōs coniice, ut saltem bibant, quoniam ēsse nōlunt." Inde mīlitum animōs religiō incēdere īram deōrum verentium. Commissō proeliō vīctī Rōmānī; octo mīlia caesa, vīgintī mīlia capta sunt. Itaque Claudius ā populō condemnātus est. Posteā Claudia soror eius cum ā lūdīs rediēns turbā premerētur, "O sī frāter," inquit, "meus vīveret, classīque iterum praefectus esset," quā vōce nimiam cīvium frequentiam minuere sē velle significābat. Itaque Claudiae idem quod frātrī fātum obtigit.
quin—‘come.’ Originally an interrogative conveying a notion of encouragement = why not? quin = qui, old form of ablative, —ne, old form of negative.
religio—‘religious scruples.’
religio—‘religious scruples.’
44. Regulus in Africa
Bellum inde in Āfricam trānslātum est. Cōnsul Rēgulus cum fīnēs hostium vastāsset, cōpiāsque eōrum ter vīcisset, Poenī pācem petiērunt. Quam cum Rēgulus nisi inīquīs condiciōnibus dare nōluisset, redintegrātō bellō Rōmānī ā Poenīs Xanthippō duce dēvictī sunt, dux ipse Rēgulus captus. Is posteā Rōmam missus ut dē permūtandīs captīvīs ageret, apud senātum dīxit, sē ex illā diē quā in potestātem Poenōrum vēnisset, Rōmānum esse dēsiisse. Patribus etiam suāsit nē pāx cum Poenīs fieret; illōs enim frāctōs tot cāsibus spem nūllam habēre; neque sē tantī esse ut tot mīlia captīvōrum propter ūnum senem redderentur. Eum, ut prōmīserat, in Āfricam reversum Poenī cum cruciātū necāvisse dīcuntur.
Xanthippo—this officer was a soldier of fortune, a Greek by birth, who had long served in the Carthaginian army, which in a great measure consisted of mercenaries.
de permutandis captivis--‘about an exchange of prisoners.’
tanti—‘so valuable,’ understand pretii.
de permutandis captivis--‘about an exchange of prisoners.’
tanti—‘so valuable,’ understand pretii.
45. End of the First Punic War
Diū cum ancipitī Mārte pugnātum esset, Poenī proeliō nāvālī magnō cum dētrīmentō vīctī sunt. Terrestribus eōrum cōpiīs tum praeerat Hamilcar, vir clārissimus, idem artis bellicae perītissimus. Is Poenīs quiētē opus esse ratus quō facilius cōpiae cōnscrīberentur quibus Rōmānōs terrā adorīrentur, cum marī plūrimum possent, cīvibus suāsit ut pācem peterent. Cum et Rōmānōs bellī taedēret pācem impetrāvērunt iīs condiciōnibus, ut multum pecūniae Rōmānīs penderent Siciliamque relinquerent. Neque tamen Rōmānōs neque Poenōs fefellit fore ut iterum dīmicandum esset; crēscentibus enim utriusque cīvitātis opibus cōpiīsque, altera alterī nocitūra erat, neque fierī poterat ut orbis terrārum ambābus sufficeret.
ancipiti Marte--‘with doubtful success.’
adorirentur--subj. after quibus, which has a consecutive force = tales ut iis.
penderent--distinguish between pendo and pendeo.
nocitura erat--‘was certain to injure.’
ut...sufficeret--subject to fieri poterat;
adorirentur--subj. after quibus, which has a consecutive force = tales ut iis.
penderent--distinguish between pendo and pendeo.
nocitura erat--‘was certain to injure.’
ut...sufficeret--subject to fieri poterat;
46. The Carthaginians in Spain
Iam suprā dēmōnstrāvimus bellō fīnem impositum esse quod utramque gentem bellī poenitēret, et Hamilcar exercitum vellet cōnscrībere. Nam cīvibus persuāsit ut in Hispāniam cum exercitū contrā barbarōs mitterētur, ita modo vincī posse Rōmānōs ratus sī Poenī iīs disciplīnā mīlitārī antecellerent, id quod ūsū efficī posse spērāvit. Cum iam in eō erat ut proficīscerētur sacra dīs facit, fīliōque suō Hannibale, quī novem tantum annōs nātus erat, advocātō, "Num ad bellum," inquit, "mēcum vīs īre?" Contrā puer: "Etiam." Tum pater, "Quīn tū," inquit, "per hanc āram iūrā numquam tē populī Rōmānī amīcum fore." Quō iūreiūrandō adāctus puer patrem comitātus est, cui posteā dēmortuō successit. Interim Rōmānī Gallōs vīcēre quī in Ītaliam impetum fēcerant, et foedus cum Poenīs fēcēre eā condiciōne nē Ibērum flūmen trānsīrent.
disciplina—abl. of respect.
posse--There is no future infinitive of posse. Verbs of hoping and promising naturally take one.
cum—proficisceretur--‘when he was on the point of setting out.’
etiam--This is the nearest approach to a direct affirmative particle in Latin.
demortuo—used instead of mortuo when the place of the dead person was to be filled by a successor.
posse--There is no future infinitive of posse. Verbs of hoping and promising naturally take one.
cum—proficisceretur--‘when he was on the point of setting out.’
etiam--This is the nearest approach to a direct affirmative particle in Latin.
demortuo—used instead of mortuo when the place of the dead person was to be filled by a successor.
47. The Origin of the Second Punic War
Duodēvīgintī annīs post fīnem prīmī Pūnicī bellī, Hannibal sē satis hominum cōnscrīpsisse et īnstituisse ratus, cum Rōmānīs cōnserere manūs cōnstituit. Erat autem in Hispāniā Saguntum oppidum, cuius cīvēs potestātem Poenōrum veritī, societātem cum Rōmānīs iniēre. Eōs Poenus occāsiōnem nactus adortus est, frūstrā Rōmānīs dēnūntiantibus ut bellō abstinēret. Cui cum diūtius resistī nōn posse vidērētur, optimātēs cum quidquid pretiōsī esset, id omne igne concremāssent, sē quoque ipsōs in incendium coniēcēre. Tum vērō Rōmānī lēgātōs Carthāginem mīsērunt quī dē iniūriā huiusmodī quererentur. Intrōductus in cūriam Q. Fabius prīnceps lēgātiōnis sinū ex togā factō, "Hic," inquit, "portō bellum pācemque; utrum placet, sūmite." Poenīs bellum clāmantibus, Fabius, excussā togā, "Bellum," inquit, "dō vōbīs."
instituisse—‘had trained.’
Saguntum--said to have been a Greek colony.
quererentur—after qui final.
Saguntum--said to have been a Greek colony.
quererentur—after qui final.
48. Hannibal's Difficulties
Id autem Hannibal in animō habēbat, nē nāvālī proeliō cum hoste certāret, ita modo sē vincere posse ratus, sī exercitū in Ītaliam ductō, Rōmānōs ibīdem adortus esset. Prius autem quam in Ītaliam venīre posset, Pȳrēnaeī montēs, flūmen Rhodanus, saltūs dēnique per Alpēs erant trāiiciendī. Neque vērō id eum fefellit mātūrātō opus esse nē Rōmānī cum Gallīs coniūnctī iter impedīrent. Sprētīs tamen perīculīs quam celerrimē potuit profectus, montēs flūmenque trānsiit frūstrā repugnantibus Gallīs. Quot autem perīculīs quantīsque difficultātibus sē opposuerit appārēbit sī reputāverīs eum in itinere ex sexāgintā mīlibus hominum ad sex et vīgintī mīlia perdidisse.
Pyrenaei—the Pyrenees, between France and Spain.
Rhodanus--the Rhone, flowing into the Mediterranean Sea.
maturato--‘haste.’ The neuter of the participle used as a substantive.
si reputaveris--Notice the superior exactness of the Latin. We say, less correctly, ‘if you remember,’ where the Latin idiom is ‘if you shall have remembered.’
ad—‘nearly.’
Rhodanus--the Rhone, flowing into the Mediterranean Sea.
maturato--‘haste.’ The neuter of the participle used as a substantive.
si reputaveris--Notice the superior exactness of the Latin. We say, less correctly, ‘if you remember,’ where the Latin idiom is ‘if you shall have remembered.’
ad—‘nearly.’
49. Hannibal Defeats the Romans
Irruentibus Poenīs quam prīmum obviam īre vīsum est patribus, cum certiōrēs quotīdiē fierent Gallōs Cisalpīnōs cum Hannibale sē iungere. Missō igitur exercitū Scīpiōne duce ad flūmen Tīcīnum pugnātum est. Vix Rōmam nūntiātum est vīctōs esse Rōmānōs, et alter nūntius allātus est alterum cōnsulem ad Trebiam flūmen vīctum in fugam sē recēpisse. Magnopere Rōmae trepidātum est, cum vidērētur Hannibal tantum nōn ad urbem pervēnisse. Is tamen in Galliā Cisalpīnā hiemāre cōnstituit, quō facilius recreātīs suōrum vīribus, ipsam Rōmam proximō annō adorīrētur. Quodsī magnīs itineribus ad urbem prius accessisset quam alius exercitus comparārī potuisset, dē Rōmānō imperiō āctum fuisset.
visum est patribus—‘the senate resolved.’
Ticinum--the Ticinus in N. Italy, falling into the Padus (Po).
vix--et--‘hardly--when.’
Trebiam--This river also falls into the Po.
tantum non--‘all but.’
Gallos Cisalpinos--the Gauls on the Italian side of the Alps--the inhabitants of N. Italy.
actum fuisset de—“it would have been all up with.’
Ticinum--the Ticinus in N. Italy, falling into the Padus (Po).
vix--et--‘hardly--when.’
Trebiam--This river also falls into the Po.
tantum non--‘all but.’
Gallos Cisalpinos--the Gauls on the Italian side of the Alps--the inhabitants of N. Italy.
actum fuisset de—“it would have been all up with.’
50. The Plans of the Roman Dictator
Ineunte vērē Rōmānōs ad lacum Trasimēnum circumventōs oppressit Poenus. Quā rē nūntiāta trepidī cīvēs Q. Fabium Maximum dictātōrem creāvēre. Is cum scīret suōs Poenīs esse imparēs, bellī ratiōnem mūtāvit. Neque eum fefellit fore ut hostēs tot mīlibus passuum, tot montibus, tot flūminibus, marī dēnique ā patriā sēmōtī in diēs īnfirmiōrēs ēvāderent, cum in locum dēmortuōrum caesōrumve novae cōpiae supplērī nequīrent. Itaque differendō bellō hostem carpere, pālantēs excipere, quōcumque modō posset nocēre Hannibalī cōnstituit. Quae cōnsilia Rōmānīs multum prōfuēre, cum nōn audēret Poenus ad urbem accēdere, nē agmine per hostium fīnēs iter faciente, impedītum ā tergō Fabius adorīrētur.
Trasimenum—a lake in Etruria.
differendo--‘by protracting.’
carpere--‘to harass.’
excipere--‘cut off.’
posset—subjunctive after quocunque; generic use of relative (an extension of the consecutive use), nsed to denote a class, not a particular thing. So Sunt qui faciant hoc, ‘there is a class of people who act thus,’ but Mortui sunt qui hoc fecerunt, ‘they who did this are dead.’
differendo--‘by protracting.’
carpere--‘to harass.’
excipere--‘cut off.’
posset—subjunctive after quocunque; generic use of relative (an extension of the consecutive use), nsed to denote a class, not a particular thing. So Sunt qui faciant hoc, ‘there is a class of people who act thus,’ but Mortui sunt qui hoc fecerunt, ‘they who did this are dead.’