71. Rise of Caius Marius
Erat autem in exercitū Metellī lēgātus quīdam, cui nōmen Gāiō Mariō erat, humilī locō nātus, vir singulārī virtūte idem bellī perītissimus. In locum Metellī suffectus bellum Iugurthīnum prōsperē coeptum cōnfēcit, Iugurtham triumphāns ante currum ēgit. Inde cum exercituī praeesset et patrōcinium plēbis suscēpisset, omnium cīvium potentissimus fuit. Cum enim bella peregrē gererentur, multī hominēs stīpendia ob lucrum faciēbant, neque ut anteā cīvēs indictō bellō sūmēbant arma, fīnītō pōnēbant. Marius et ipse mīles mīlitibus grātissimus erat, itaque ope exercitus quicquid vellet id exsequī poterat.
idem—‘and also.’
72. War with the Cimbri and Teutones
Dum bellum in Numidiā contrā Iugurtham geritur, Cimbrī et Teutonī adiūnctīs aliīs Germānōrum et Gallōrum gentibus Ītaliae minābantur, trēsque Rōmānōrum exercitūs vīcērunt. Hī novī hostēs, ab extrēmīs Germāniae et Galliae fīnibus profugī, novās sēdēs quaerēbant. Ingēns fuit Rōmae timor, verentibus cīvibus nē iterum Gallī urbem occupārent. Itaque Marius cōnsul creātus, eīque bellum contrā Cimbrōs et Teutonōs dēcrētum est; bellōque prōtractō, tertius eī et quārtus cōnsulātus dēlātus est. Teutonōs prīmō adortus proeliō oppressit, tantaque caedēs hostium fuit ut victōrēs dē cruentō flūmine, quod prope hostium castra erat, nōn plūs aquae bibisse quam sanguinis dīcerentur. Dēlētīs Teutonīs Cimbrōs similī clāde affēcit; nē mulieribus quidem et īnfantibus parsum est.
profugi—From the earliest times and inall countries there are traces of such migrations. Nations yielding to pressure from more powerful invaders became în turn invaders themselves.
73. Lucius Saturninus
Magnam laudem assecūtus propter dēlētōs barbarōs Marius potentior in diēs fīēbat. Neque tamen prōdesse cīvitātī volēbat sed commodō studēbat suō. Itaque plēbem plūs valēre ratus, Lūciō Sāturnīnō tribūnō plēbis lēgēs agrāriās ferentī auxiliō fuit. Factō deinde tumultū Marium ōrāvērunt patrēs ut sēditiōnem comprimeret. Is cum aliquamdiū dubitāsset quidnam faciendum esset, armātīs tandem cīvibus Sāturnīnum obtruncāvit. Neque ex eō tempore quisquam Mariō adhibēre fidem voluit, cum cōnstāret eum utrasque partēs fallere, et nōnnisi suō ipsīus commodō studēre.
plus valere—‘was the stronger party.’
auxilio fuit—‘supported,’ lit. ‘was for a help:’ dative of complement. A common construction, but only with abstract words.
auxilio fuit—‘supported,’ lit. ‘was for a help:’ dative of complement. A common construction, but only with abstract words.
74. Marcus Livius Drusus
Interim crēscere tumultūs et simultātēs, querentibus Italīs sibi iniūriās ā Rōmānīs īnferrī. Et odiō īnfēnsī Latīnī, quibus dēnūntiātum erat ut ex urbe extemplō excēderent, sēditiōnem adversus Rōmānōs inīvērunt. Ecquem eiusmodī iniūriās tolerātūrum, cum quī semper in officiō mānsissent, iīs spem cīvitātis omnīnō abreptam? Nē id quidem sibi concēdī ut prō servīs habitī in urbe relinquerentur. Quā ex sēditiōne nē clādēs orīrētur M. Līvius Drūsus tribūnus plēbis lēgem tulit ut cīvitās Italīs omnibus darētur. Sed īrātīs patribus et plēbe, eō diē quō lēgem rogārī oportēbat, tumultus exortus est. Drūsus pūgiōne ā sīcāriō cōnfossus periit.
ecquem toleraturum—The narrative glides into the oratio obliqua without a verb to introduce it, as it is easy to supply one from the sense.
75. The Social War
Quod scelus ubi percrebuit, cum appārēret nihil umquam ā Rōmānīs impetrārī posse, Italī bellum cīvibus indīxērunt. Inter Italōs praecipuē ēminēbat Samnītium virtūs. Diū atque atrōciter pugnātum est; tandem vīctī sociī ā Lūciō Cornēliō Sullā, quī artem bellī didicerat in Āfricā cum Marius contrā Iugurtham dīmicāret. Ītalīs tamen, exceptīs Samnītibus et Lūcānīs, cum in dēditiōnem vēnissent, cīvitās data est. Appārēbat enim, nisi numerus cīvium auctus esset, Rōmānōs dēlētum īrī, neque aliter concordem fore Ītaliam, nisi novī cīvēs veteribus cīvibus parēs factī, onera reīpūblicae suscipere vellent eā conditiōne ut commodōrum partem acciperent. Cum enim in diēs crēscerent Rōmānōrum fīnēs totque hostēs in officiō continendī essent, id cīvibus exitiōsissimum fore vidēbātur sī domī quoque inimīcī eādem quā Rōmānī stirpe oriundī reīpūblicae invidērent.
Samnitium—a powerful people in Central Italy.
civitas— ‘the franchise.’
eadem—oriundi—‘sprung from the same stock as the Romans.‘
civitas— ‘the franchise.’
eadem—oriundi—‘sprung from the same stock as the Romans.‘
76. The First Civil War
Cum Mithradātis, rēgis Pontī, nimia vidērētur potestās, bellum eī indictum est, Lūciō Cornēliō Sullae, ūnī ex cōnsulibus, negōtiō datō. Sed cum C. Marius eī hunc honōrem ēripere cōnātus esset, Sulla quī adhūc cum legiōnibus suīs in Ītaliā commorābātur, cum exercitū Rōmam vēnit, inimīcōrum aliōs trucīdāvit, aliōs atque ipsum Marium in exilium abīre coēgit. Tum rēbus Rōmae compositīs in Asiam quam celerrimē proficīscī cōnstituit. Interim Mithradātēs cum Italōs quī in Asiā erant interficiendōs cūrāvisset, cōpiās auxiliō Graecīs quī ā Rōmānīs dēfēcerant, mīsit. Sulla tamen, Graecīs in dēditiōnem venīre coāctīs, plūribus proeliīs vīctum Mithradātem coēgit ut pācem ā Rōmānīs peteret, et prōvinciīs, quās invāserat, relictīs, rēgnī suī fīnibus contentus esset.
Ponti—the N.E. portion of Asia Minor along the coast of the Black Sea.
negotio—‘the conduct of the war.‘
negotio—‘the conduct of the war.‘
77. Marius In Exile
C. Marius, ut suprā dēmōnstrāvimus, exsulātum abīre coāctus vix ex Ītaliā excēdere potuit. Cum enim in Āfricam sē recipere cōnārētur, ad Minturnās, ā nautīs expositus, aliquamdiū in palūde, mentō tenus in caenō sedēns, dēlituit, Dēprehēnsum tamen hostēs in cūstōdiam ubi coniēcērunt, servum mīsērunt quī eum occīderet. Eum cum ad sē gladiō strictō accēdentem vīdisset Marius, "Tūne," inquit, "Marium trucīdāre audēbis?" Quā vōce exterritus servus abiectō gladiō in fugam sē recēpit, Marium ē carcere Minturnēnsēs ēmīsēre. Is deinde in Āfricam trāiēcit, et ad Carthāginis ruīnās sē recēpit. Inde ā magistrātibus abīre iussus, nisi vellet in sē animadvertī, "Abīte," inquit, "Gāium Marium in Carthāginis ruīnīs sedentem vīdistis."
Minturnas—Minturnae, a town in Latium, at the mouth of the river Liris.
in se animadverti—‘proceedings to be taken against him.‘
in se animadverti—‘proceedings to be taken against him.‘
78. Return of Marius
L. Sullā Rōmā profectō parum cōnsentiēbant inter sē cōnsulēs, quōrum alter Sullae, alter, cui nōmen Cinnae erat, Mariī partibus favēbat. Itaque Cinna cōnscrīptō exercitū Marium ad urbem redūxit. Is, tot suīs perīculīs et īnfortūniīs efferātus, ubi dē inimīcīs poenās sūmere cōnstituit, per quīnque diēs quōscumque vellet ex optimātibus trucīdābat. Inde septimum cōnsul factus, eō magistrātū brevī frūctus est. Septuāgintā annōs nātus morbō dēcessit, nē mīlitibus quidem grātus, quōs saevitiae eius poenitēbat. Haud ita multō post Sulla in Ītaliam regressus est, sed fortiōrēs adversāriōs certior factus quam quibus resistī posset, in merīdiōnālī Ītaliae regiōne aliquamdiū commorātus, animōs hominum sibi conciliābat, idōneam occāsiōnem regrediendī ad urbem opperiēns.
conciliabat—‘tried to win over.‘
79. Sulla, Master of Rome
Samnītēs, quī adhūc invictī erant, optimātēs Rōmānōs perōsī, sē cum Mariānīs coniūnxērunt. Quī Sullae diūtius resistī nōn posse ratī, Rōmam contendērunt, eō cōnsiliō ut urbem igne concremārent, nē Sullae in dēditiōnem venīret. Quod ubi cognitum Sullae, magnīs itineribus et ipse Rōmam contendit. Haud procul ab urbe atrōciter pugnātum est. Vīctīs Samnītibus Sulla urbe potītus potestātem optimātium restituere cōnstituit. In inimīcōs summā crūdēlitāte saevītum est, quōrum ad quīnque mīlia caesōs esse satis cōnstat. Deinde adversāriīs trucīdātīs aut exsulātum abīre coāctīs, Sulla dictātor creātus multās lēgēs tulit quae auctōritātem senātūs stabilīrent. Neque ita multō post cum dictātūrā et cōnsulātū sē abdicāsset, omissā reīpūblicae cūrā in vīllam prīvātus recessit. Ibīdem morbō exstīnctum, cīvēs quam maxima pompa sepeliendum cūrāvērunt.
magnis itineribus—‘by forced marches.’
privatus—‘as a private citizen.’
privatus—‘as a private citizen.’
80. The Results of the Civil War
Neque diū ōtiō fruī potuit cīvitās, quamvīs patrum auctōritāte stabilītā, domī rēspūblicā iūre administrārētur. Mox crūdēscere mala, quibus cīvitās tamdiū labōrābat. Ītaliā enim tot tantīsque bellīs vastātā, colōnīs in urbēs ex agrīs remōtīs, cum Sulla mīlitibus suīs praedia dīvīsisset, neque tamen eōs agrōrum cultūrae assuēfacere posset, quī dīvēnditīs praediīs brevī in urbēs redīre coepērunt, idem quod anteā passim agrōrum silentium, eadem pauperum in urbibus frequentia fuit. Patrēs quoque et optimātēs in comparandās dīvitiās tōtī incumbere; dum magistrātūs suō tantum commodō student, invalida foris rēspūblica fierī coepta est, cum satis cōnstāret iniūriārum, sī quae īnferrentur, aut tardius aut omnīnō nōn vindicem exstitūrum.
iure—‘with justice.’
tot tantisque--The Latins do not use two adjectives referring to the same word without a connecting particle.
neque posset--‘without being able.‘
toti incumbere—‘devoted themselves entirely.’
tot tantisque--The Latins do not use two adjectives referring to the same word without a connecting particle.
neque posset--‘without being able.‘
toti incumbere—‘devoted themselves entirely.’