81. Sertorius in Spain
Itaque in Hispāniā sēditiōnem init Quīntus Sertōrius ūnus ē C. Mariī lēgātīs, quī regressō Sullā in exsilium abiit. Cum barbarōs sibi conciliāsset, is enim erat quī eiusmodī hominibus persuādēre posset, idem multōs Rōmānōs sēcum habēret, mox tantīs praefuit cōpiīs, ut quae vellet, facile exsequī posset. Quod ubi animadvertērunt patrēs, Cn. Pompēium cum magnō exercitū adversus eum mīsērunt. Cum diū pugnātum esset, neque fīnis bellī appārēret, Hispānōs tandem clādis poenitēre coepit. Tum nōnnūllī ē lēgātīs Sertōrium in tentōriō inter pōcula trucīdāvērunt. Ita fīnis bellō impositus est et Hispānia tamdiū vastāta requiēvit.
is=talis.
quae vellet--The subjunctive can be explained in accordance with the rule in 50, note; or else as depending on posset, and therefore assimilated with it.
Pompeium—Caesar’s great rival in the next Civil War, renowned as a statesman and soldier.
quae vellet--The subjunctive can be explained in accordance with the rule in 50, note; or else as depending on posset, and therefore assimilated with it.
Pompeium—Caesar’s great rival in the next Civil War, renowned as a statesman and soldier.
82. Troubles in the East
Nec in Hispāniā sōlum acceptae clādēs. Nam id temporis pīrātae mare mediterrāneum latrōciniīs īnfēstum habeant, captās mercātōrum nāvēs ad suās sēdēs inter īnsulās dēvehēbant. Adversus eōs susceptae nōnnūllae expedītiōnēs, neque ex sententiā Rōmānīs ēventus fuit, cum quī classī praeerant remissius rem agerent. Et in Asiā parum prōsperē rēs gerēbantur, ubi Mithradātēs, vetus reīpūblicae hostis, ita modō vincēbātur, ut maiōre alacritāte victōrēs adorīrētur. Magnā sānē virtūte ūtēbantur exercitūs cōnsulārēs, sed nusquam fīnis bellī appārēbat, cum nōndum dux exstiterat quī prohibēre posset quōminus Mithradātēs novīs sociīs sibi coniūnctīs bellum traheret.
remissius—‘too negligently.’
Mithradates--King of Pontus; 76, note.
ita—ut--‘merely suffered defeat to, etc.’
quominus traheret—‘from prolonging.‘
Mithradates--King of Pontus; 76, note.
ita—ut--‘merely suffered defeat to, etc.’
quominus traheret—‘from prolonging.‘
83. The Gladiator War
Quae rēs cum documentō sint patrum auctōritātem foris sprētam, domī etiam invalidam esse palam fēcit novum in Ītaliā bellum commōtum. Septuāgintā enim quātuor gladiātōrēs duce Spartacō, ē lūdō gladiātōriō, quī Capuae erat, cum effūgissent, per Ītaliam vagantēs paene nōn levius bellum, quam ipse Hannibal, mōvērunt. Quibus cum fugitīvī servī et gladiātōrēs quotīdiē sē coniūnxērunt, Spartacus brevī tantīs praefuit cōpiīs ut multōs ducēs et duōs Rōmānōs cōnsulēs posset vincere. Sed cum, ut ferē fit, apud indoctōs hominēs et coercentium impatientēs simultātēs intercēderent, et ipsī vīctī sunt in Āpūliā ā M. Liciniō Crassō prōcōnsule. Mox dēbellātum est ā Cn. Pompēiō quī mortuō Sertōriō ab Hispāniā arcessītus erat.
documento—‘a proof.’
Capuae--Capua, a town of Campania in Central Italy.
ut fere fit--‘as is usually the case.‘
coercentium impatientes--‘impatient of restraint.’ The Latin idiom is ‘of restrainers,’ as they almost always prefer the concrete to the abstract.
Apulia--the S.E, of Italy.
proconsule--After his year of office had expired, the outgoing consul was intrusted with the government of one of the provinces of the empire for a term of five years, with the title of proconsul.
debellatum est—‘the war was brought to a end.’
Capuae--Capua, a town of Campania in Central Italy.
ut fere fit--‘as is usually the case.‘
coercentium impatientes--‘impatient of restraint.’ The Latin idiom is ‘of restrainers,’ as they almost always prefer the concrete to the abstract.
Apulia--the S.E, of Italy.
proconsule--After his year of office had expired, the outgoing consul was intrusted with the government of one of the provinces of the empire for a term of five years, with the title of proconsul.
debellatum est—‘the war was brought to a end.’
84. Supremacy of Pompeius
Quibus rēbus gestīs verēbantur cīvēs nē Pompēius, id quod fēcerant Marius et Sulla, in urbem cum exercitū ingressus summā potestāte potīrētur. Neque tamen hoc ēgit Pompēius prīvātus in urbem regressus: quī cum optimātibus plēbīque placēre cōnārētur, omnium sibi favōrem conciliāvit. Taedēbat enim cīvēs bellī tot tantīsque clādibus affectōs, Pompēiusque ūnus omnium bellīs fīnem impōnere posse vidēbātur. Itaque magnīs cōpiīs praefectus, summō patrum plēbēiōrumque studiō, pīrātās adhūc invictōs oppressit, quōrum classe dēlētā nōn īnsulīs modo quō sē recipere solēbant, potītus est, sed et castella in continente vī expugnātā igne concremāvit.
summo studio—‘with the greatest enthusiasm.’
85. Wars in the East
Mox eī dēlātum est bellum contrā Mithradātem et Tigrānem. Quō susceptō Mithradātem proeliō cōnsertō vīctum castrīs exuit. Is cum in fugam sē recēpisset comitantibus uxōre paucīsque ex amīcōrum numerō, haud ita multō post, nē in potestātem Rōmānōrum venīret, venēnō sē interemit. Tigrānī deinde Pompēius bellum intulit. Eum brevī vīctum parte rēgnī multāvit et grandī pecūniā. Indē in Iūdaeam trānsgressus, Hierosolyma caput gentis expugnāvit, duodecim mīlibus Iūdaeōrum occīsīs, cēterīs in fidem receptīs. Tum Rōmam reversus triumphum īnsignissimum ēgit. Ante triumphantis currum ductī sunt fīliī Mithradātis, fīlius Tigrānis, et Aristobulus rēx Iūdaeōrum.
Tigranes—King of Armenia, in Asia Minor.
victum castris exuit--‘defeated and despoiled of his camp.’
Iudaeam--Judaea, the S. of the Holy Land.
Hierosolyma, (ōrum). Jerusalem.
victum castris exuit--‘defeated and despoiled of his camp.’
Iudaeam--Judaea, the S. of the Holy Land.
Hierosolyma, (ōrum). Jerusalem.
86. The Chief Statesman of the Time
Dum haec geruntur auctōritās senātūs minōris in diēs habērī coepta est: erant enim in urbe multī hominēs neque iī invalidī quī optimātibus adversābantur. Ad quōs comprimendōs cum ūnus Pompēius valēret, quī ē familiāribus Sullae fuerat, eundem verēbantur optimātēs et parum fideī eī adhibēbant. Praecipuē inter optimātēs ēminēbat M. Porciī Catōnis virtūs, quī laudātor āctī temporis prīstinā Rōmānōrum probitāte adhūc ūtēbātur. Magnā etiam potestāte erat M. Licinius Crassus, quī magnīs opibus praeditus, largiendō blandiendōque omnēs sibi conciliāre cōnābātur. Ōrātor id temporis fācundissimus erat M. Tullius Cicerō, vir moderātiōnis expertae idem incorruptissimus quī ut meliōra semper probābat ita auctōritātis patrum suāsor fuit. Interim maiōre semper apud plēbem potestāte fierī C. Iūlius Caesar quī quamvīs nōbilī stirpe Iūliōrum oriundus esset, plēbī grātissimus fuit.
unus--‘alone.’
temporis acti--‘past time.’
moderationis expertae--descriptive genitive, or genitive of quality (always with epithet).
ut—ita--‘though always approviug a better system, yet, etc.’
maiore potestate—descriptive ablative (always with epithet).
temporis acti--‘past time.’
moderationis expertae--descriptive genitive, or genitive of quality (always with epithet).
ut—ita--‘though always approviug a better system, yet, etc.’
maiore potestate—descriptive ablative (always with epithet).
87. Catilina's Conspiracy
Quantō in discrīmine rēs Rōmae fuerint, documentō est sēditiō ā Lūciō Sergiō Catilīnā inita. Is nōbilī patre genitus, Sullae idem coniūnctissimus, cum aere aliēnō labōrāret, rēbus novandīs studēbat, ita modo sē ruīnam effugere posse ratus, sī magistrātus oppressisset. Itaque cum sē plēbī favēre professus esset cōnsulātum petiit absente Pompēiō. Quā spē dēiectus ubi urbe excessit magnās cōpiās comparāvit. Quī eī favēbant indictā causā ā M. Tulliō Cicerōne, quī eō annō cōnsul fuit, capitis damnātī sunt. Īnsequentī annō cōnsertō proeliō exercitus Catilīnae fūsūs fugātusque, ipse fortissimē dīmicāns interfectus est. Posteā Cicerōnī diem dīcunt inimīcī, quod cīvēs indictā causā capitis damnāvisset. Is, cum causam praestāre nōn potuisset, exsulātum abiit.
patre—abl. of origin.
rebus novandis studebat--‘was in favour of a revolution.’
qua spe deiectus--‘disappointed of this hope.’
indicta caussa--‘unheard.’
praestare caussam—make good his case,’
rebus novandis studebat--‘was in favour of a revolution.’
qua spe deiectus--‘disappointed of this hope.’
indicta caussa--‘unheard.’
praestare caussam—make good his case,’
88. The First Triumvirate
In hōc statū rērum verēbantur cīvēs nē Pompēius exercitū in urbem ductō omnia suae ditiōnis faceret. Quam exspectātiōnem fefellit Pompēius, quī exercitū dīmissō prīvātus in urbem iniit. Prīmum quidem omnēs grātō in Pompēium animō erant cum metū līberātī essent. Is tamen brevī tempore intermissō ubi animadvertit sē minōre apud plēbem grātiā esse, intercēdentibus etiam simultātibus adversus patrēs, cum C. Iūliō Caesare et M. Crassō societātem init ut quod quisque vellet, id efficere possent. Itaque Caesar cōnsul factus lēgem agrāriam tulit quae veterānīs Pompēī agrōs distribueret. Inde iubente populō prōcōnsul Galliae dēsignātus magnās cōpiās cōnscrīpsit.
grato animo—descriptive (abl. of quality with epithet)
89. Caesar's Rule in Gaul
Ineunte vērē Caesar in Galliam ingressus intrā septem annōs tōtam regiōnem suae ditiōnis fēcit, et in Britanniam expedītiōne factā rēgulōs aliquot proeliīs vīcit. Erant Caesarī multa simul agenda, cum continuum ferē bellum in Galliā gererētur, neque tamen audēret rēs Rōmae negligere. Per tōtum hoc tempus omnia ex sententiā ēvēnērunt. Parcēbat victīs, quōrum sī quī in officiō manēre vellent, in eōs summā hūmānitāte ūtēbātur. Ita conciliātīs Gallōrum animīs, viās mūnīre, flūmina pontibus iungere, mōrēs et īnstitūta Rōmāna īnferre coepit. Quanta autem prūdentia prōvinciam administrāverit, documentō est quod Gallī adversus Rōmānōs dīmicāre dēsiērunt neque sēditiōnem iniērunt nē eō quidem tempore cum Caesar exercitum in Ītaliam redūxit.
Romae—locative, Romai was the old form. The locative originally ended in -i (singular), and -is or -bus (plural).
in officio—‘loyal.’
in officio—‘loyal.’
90. The Action of the Triumvirate
Interim Caesar occāsiōnem opperiēbātur, neque tamen ē Galliā excēdere volēbat cum magnō in aere aliēnō neque pār solvendō esset, multōsque hominēs quī plūrimum apud plēbem valēbant sibi conciliāre cuperet. Cum omnia penes trēs virōs essent, Pompēius et Crassus cōnsulēs factī, imperium Caesaris in quīnquennium alterum prōrogāvērunt. Pompēiō Hispānia, Syria Crassō prōvincia obtigit. Quae patribus minimē cordī esse, quōs nōn fefellit fore ut auctōritās sua minuerētur, simul quantō opere mūtāta esset rēspūblica, gnārōs imperiō potītūrum potentissimum quemque prō ut occāsiō eī oblāta esset.
par solvendo—‘able to pay his debts;’ lit. ‘equal to paying.’
minime cordi esse--‘were not at all agreeable.” 73, note.
quos non fefellit--‘who did not fail to observe,’ lit. ‘whom it did not deceive.’
quanto opere--often written as one word, quantopere.
potentissimum quemque--‘all the most powerful men,’ lit. ‘each most powerful man.’
pro ut—‘according as.’
minime cordi esse--‘were not at all agreeable.” 73, note.
quos non fefellit--‘who did not fail to observe,’ lit. ‘whom it did not deceive.’
quanto opere--often written as one word, quantopere.
potentissimum quemque--‘all the most powerful men,’ lit. ‘each most powerful man.’
pro ut—‘according as.’