91. Breaking Up of the Triumvirate
Circā hoc tempus M. Crassus in Syriam profectus adversus Parthōs expedītiōnem suscēpit. Sed cum ad Carrhās, id vīcō nōmen fuit, contrā ōmina et auspicia proelium commīsisset, ā Sūrēnā, Orōdīs rēgis duce, victus et interfectus est cum fīliō, clārissimō et praestantissimō iuvene. Mortuō Crassō inter sē dissentīre coepērunt Caesar et Pompēius, cum vidērent summam potestātem penes sē esse, neque alter alterī, ut fit, vellet dēcēdere. Inde ambō cōpiās cōnscrībere, favōrem cīvium conciliāre sibi cōnārī, minimē ignārī bellum cīvīle tantum nōn adesse et prō imperiō dīmicandum fore.
Parthos—The term Parthi was properly applied to the inhabitants of Parthia, a county to the S.E, of the Caspian Sea. It is here used of the nomad tribes of Mesopotamia (the country between the Tigris and Euphrates to the S. of Asia Minor).
decedere-- give way to.’
tantum non—‘all but.’
decedere-- give way to.’
tantum non—‘all but.’
92. Increased Power of Pompeius
Pompēius, cui ut suprā dēmōnstrātum est Hispānia ēvēnerat, contrā lēgem in urbe commorātus senātuī persuāsit ut magistrātus sibi in quīnquennium prōrogārētur. Quō cōnsiliō sē Caesarem potentiā superātūrum esse rēbātur, quod ipse exercitum habitūrus esset eō tempore cum Caesar sē magistrātū abdicāsset. Interim maiōre in diēs potestāte fierī Pompēius, cum quotīdiē rixae in urbe exārdēscerent, neque cīvēs ā patribus, quibus parum auctōritātis fuit, retinērī possent. Quod ubi cognitum Caesarī, rēbus novandīs studēbat, cōnsiliōrum Pompēī minimē ignārus. Quae cum ita essent, bellum cīvīle imminēre cōnstābat, neque aliter iūdicārī posse utrī summa potestās dēferenda esset.
evenerat—‘had been assigned by lot.’
93. The Outbreak of the Great Civil War
Itaque Caesar litterīs ad senātum missīs poposcit ut aut ipse Pompēiusque magistrātū simul sē abdicārent aut ut sibi cōnsulātum petere licēret absentī, nōlle enim sēsē Rōmam venīre nisi eadem sibi quae Pompēiō auctōritās concessa esset. Renuentibus patribus duo ē tribūnīs plēbis ubi Caesaris causam frūstrā suscēpērunt, relictā urbe ad Caesaris castra sē recēpēre. Is autem occāsiōnem tandem nactus fīnēs Ītaliae trāiēcit, sē tribūnōs hominēs sacrōsānctōs contrā patrēs iuvāre velle professus. Quā rē cognitā Pompēius eī resistī nōn posse ratus in Graeciam sē contulit. Caesar autem cum sexāgintā diēbus tōtam Ītaliam suae ditiōnis fēcisset in Hispāniam summā celeritāte profectus est. Inde victīs Pompēī ducibus in urbem regressus animōs cīvium, quā erat hūmānitāte, brevī sibi conciliāvit.
petere—‘stand for.’
qua erat humanitate—‘such was the geniality of his nature.’—abl. of quality, (descriptive).
qua erat humanitate—‘such was the geniality of his nature.’—abl. of quality, (descriptive).
94. Defeat and Death of Pompeius
Caesar ineunte vērē in Graeciam trāiēcit. Diū cum ancipitī Mārte hostīlēs exercitūs dīmicāssent, in plānitiē satis magnā ad Pharsālum, id vīcō nōmen fuit, aciēs cōnserta. Eximiā utrimque virtūte pugnātum est. Caesar tandem ubi suīs imperāvit ut ōra hostium gladiīs peterent, tantum terrōrem hostibus iniēcit ut in fugam sē reciperent. Pompēius āctum esse dē exercitū suō ratus in nāvem ēscendit. Haud ita multō post in Aegyptō ā sīcāriīs interfectus est. Eum Caesar in Aegyptum secūtus, cum caput cruentum dēfōrmātumque vīdisset, valdē flēvisse dīcitur. Neque victōriā abūsus summā hūmānitāte ergā vīctōs fuit, minimē ignārus ita modo stabilītum īrī novam potestātem sī palam fēcisset sē cum iūre tum clēmentiā rem administrāre velle.
Pharsalum—Pharsalus, a town in Thessaly.
si palam fecisset--‘if he proved.’ Notice the superior exactness of the Latin idiom, ‘if he should have proved.’
cum—tum—‘both--and'
si palam fecisset--‘if he proved.’ Notice the superior exactness of the Latin idiom, ‘if he should have proved.’
cum—tum—‘both--and'
95. Caesar's Last Exploits
In Aegyptō autem id temporis prō imperiō certābant Ptolemaeus mortuī rēgis fīlius et soror eius Cleopatra. Quam ubi adiuvāre Caesar cōnstituit bellum Ptolemaeō indīxit. Is in aciē victus in Nīlō flūmine periit, inventumque est corpus eius cum lōrīcā aureā. Tum Caesar Alexandrīā potītus rēgnum Cleopatrae dēdit. Inde ubi in Asiam trāiēcit rebellibus fūsīs fugātīsque Rōmam ad senātum rescrīpsit tālia: vēnī, vīdī, vīcī. Quibus rēbus gestīs Rōmam reversus est, neque diū quiēte fruī potuit, in Āfricā cōnscrīptās esse cōpiās ab iīs quī Pompēī partibus favērent certior factus. Quō ubi perventum est cōnsertō ad Thapsum proeliō Pompēiānōs dēvīcit. Inde in Hispāniam contendere coāctus est. Ibi dē fīliīs Pompēī quī magnās cōpiās cōnscrīpserant victōriam apud Mundam reportāvit.
partibus—‘the faction.’
96. Caesar as Dictator
Pācātō dēnique orbe terrārum Caesar ad urbem rediit. Eum patrēs dictātōrem creātum summīs honōribus cumulāvēre. Caesar autem rēx fierī cupiēns rēbus novandīs studēre, cum ā patribus rem minimē administrārī posse arbitrārētur, idem parum magistrātibus ā plēbe tam corruptā tamque vēnālī creātīs cōnfīderet. Quod cōnsilium utī praestāre posset, in cīvitātem accipere prōvinciālēs, patrēs nōnnisi prō cōnsiliāriīs habērī voluit. Sed in fātīs erat ut sī quis rēx fierī vellet is magnō in discrīmine versārētur. Neque Caesar ipse tantum sibi honōrem statim arrogāre audēbat, gnārus cīvēs Tarquiniōrum nōndum oblītōs esse. Itaque nōndum mātūrātō opus esse ratus, cīvēs sibi conciliāre memoriamque tot īnfortūniōrum dēlēre cōnstituit.
idem parum confideret—‘and also had little trust in.’
praestare--‘carry into effect.’
nonnisi pro consiliariis-- merely as councillors.’
in fatis erat--‘it was decreed by fate.’
versaretur--‘should be involved.’
Tarquiniorum—the last of the kings.
praestare--‘carry into effect.’
nonnisi pro consiliariis-- merely as councillors.’
in fatis erat--‘it was decreed by fate.’
versaretur--‘should be involved.’
Tarquiniorum—the last of the kings.
97. Murder of Caesar
Interim cum multōs cīvēs tot tantārumque mūtātiōnum poenitēre coepisset, neque dēessent quī Caesarem ōdissent, coniūrātiō clam inita est, auctōribus M. Iūniō Brūtō, C. Cassiō Longīnō. Iī rempūblicam incolumem praestāre dēbēre ratī, neque fās esse ut ūnus vir omnibus cīvibus imperitāret, dictātōrem strictīs pūgiōnibus dum in cūriam init adortī sunt: vīta eī extemplō ērepta. Reputantibus quidem quantā fuerit virtūte, quotiēs hostēs vīcerit, quam bene rempūblicam administrāverit, quae dēnique inter tot labōrēs scrīpserit, nōn sōlum aequālibus, sed etiam omnibus cuiuslibet aetātis ducibus praestitisse vidēbitur. Erat sānē vir magnā et praeclārā indole praeditus, et, quamvīs glōriae nimium appetēns fuerit, patriae multum prōfuit.
tot tantarumque—Two adjectives referring to the same word must be connected by ‘and,’ in Latin.
auctoribus--‘headed by:’ lit. ‘being the authors,’ abl. abs.
quanta virtute—abl. of quality.
auctoribus--‘headed by:’ lit. ‘being the authors,’ abl. abs.
quanta virtute—abl. of quality.
98. Caesar's Heir
Mortuō Caesare tantus lūctus omnēs ferē ōrdinēs invāsit ut quantō opere dēsīderārētur Caesar plānē cōnstāret. Neque Brūtō et Cassiō ēventus rērum ex sententiā fuit, cum per tredecim annōs discordia cīvīlis ac tumultus in urbe crūdēscerent. Hērēdem Caesar īnstituerat C. Octāvium sorōris fīliā genitum, cum prōlēs dēficeret. Is iam tum duodēvīgintī annōs nātus in Graeciā commorābātur, mōs enim fuit ut iuvenēs Rōmānī urbēs Graecās adīrent ubi philosophōs disserentēs audīrent. Quī ubi certior factus est quid accidisset Rōmam reversus est. Inde mūtātō nōmine ūsus, cum agnōmina eī data essent, Gāius Iūlius Caesar Octāviānus appellātus est.
desideraretur--‘was missed.’
filia--abl. of origin.
ubi audirent--ubi final, = ut ibi.
filia--abl. of origin.
ubi audirent--ubi final, = ut ibi.
99. Marcus Antonius
Mortuō Caesare M. Antōnius quī ex eius ducibus erat adeō populum concitāvit, ut Brūtus et Cassius cum cēterīs coniūrātī, veritī nē poenās darent, ex urbe excēderent. Tum veterānī Caesaris cum Antōnium adiissent ōrāvērunt ut sibi mortem dūcis tam dīlēctī tamque expertae bonitātis ulcīscī licēret. Quōrum precibus haud invītus obtemperāvit Antōnius, sē hōc modō reīpūblicae praeesse posse ratus. Quod ubi cognitum Octāviānō, quī tum forte aberat, Rōmam redit. Inde paullātim vīrēs eī accrēscere, adiūnctīs multīs ē Caesaris veterānīs, multōrum simul cīvium favōre conciliātō. Neque ita multō post cum patrēs bellum Antōniō indīxissent, eōs quantum potuit adiūvit. Aciē ad Mutinam cōnsertā victus est Antōnius magnō dētrīmentō; neque ea victōria incruenta fuit, duōbus cōnsulibus cum multīs mīlitibus interfectīs.
Mutinam—Mutina (Modena), in N. Italy.
100. The Second Triumvirate
Indē Octāviānus cōnsul factus cum adversus tot hostēs pugnāre nōllet, pāce cum Antōniō factā, societātem cum eōdem init, cui societātī tertium adscrīpsit M. Lepidum, quī et ipse magnīs praeerat cōpiīs. Tum, id quod anteā fēcerat Sulla, in inimīcōs saevīrī coeptum: multī et clārī virī interfectī sunt et inter aliōs M. Tullius Cicerō quī in M. Antōnium ōrātiōnem habuit. Quibus rēbus gestīs bellum Brūtō et Cassiō quī magnās in Macedoniā cōpiās cōnscrīpserant, indictum est. Quibus proeliō ad Philippōs commissō victīs, Cassius sibi mortem cōnscīvit, neque ita multō post Brūtus, ad eundem vīcum iterum victus, suā manū pūgiōne cōnfossus periit.
tertium ascripsit—‘enrolled as a third.’
Philippos--Philippi, a town in Macedonia, also famous as being the first place in Europe in which the gospel was preached.
sibi mortem conscivit—‘committed suicide.’
Philippos--Philippi, a town in Macedonia, also famous as being the first place in Europe in which the gospel was preached.
sibi mortem conscivit—‘committed suicide.’
101. Octavianus, Master of Italy
Tum inter trēs virōs convēnit ut Antōnius Asiae, Octāviānus Ītaliae, Galliae, Hispāniae, Lepidus Āfricae imperitāret. Itaque Antōnius in Asiam profectus, ubi aliquamdiū in Aegyptō apud Cleopatram commorātus est, amōre captus illam in mātrimōnium dūxit. Multae et gravēs difficultātēs Octāviānō obiiciēbantur, adversus quem Sextus Pompēius Magnī fīlius pugnāret. Is cum magnae classī praeesset mare īnfēstum reddiderat commeātusque intercipiēbat, quā ex rē verēbātur Octāviānus nē inopiā cīvēs labōrārent. Et M. Lepidus sē Sextō socium adiūnxit cum nimia vidērētur Octāviānī potestās. Hunc tandem vīctum imperiō exuit Octāviānus, Sextum in Asiam fugere dēlētā classe coēgit, ubi ab Antōniō interfectus est.
obiiciebantur—‘were thrown in the way of.’
Magni—i.e. the great Pompeius.
Magni—i.e. the great Pompeius.
102. The End of Antonius
Interim Antōnius mōribus Asiae assuēfactus Rōmānīs odiō esse coepit. Mox eī cum Octāviānō simultātēs intercēdere, cuius potestās nimia vidērētur, neque enim eum fefellit haud fierī posse ut uterque summō imperiō potīrētur. An id aequum esse ut alter favōrem plēbis domī conciliāret, alterīus potestās in diēs dīminuerētur? Brevī sēsē prō rēgulō Asiāticō habitum īrī nisi crēscentem illīus intolerandamque arrogantiam refrēnāre posset. Itaque bellum annō ante Chrīstum nātum trīgēsimō prīmō indictum est. Ad Actium nāvālī proeliō atrōciter pugnātum: victus Antōnius in Aegyptum sē contulit. Inde certior factus Cleopatram morsū serpentis, quem ipsa suō brāchiō imposuisset, interēmptam esse, mortem sibi cōnscīvit. Itaque cum nusquam Octāviānō pār superesset, summā rērum penes eundem fuit.
odio—‘hateful;’ lit. ‘for a hate.’ 73, note.
an id aequum esse--for the mood, 26, note. The oratio obliqua depends on the sense, not being introduced by a verb.
Actium--a promontory in Acarnania in N. Greece.
par—‘a match.’
an id aequum esse--for the mood, 26, note. The oratio obliqua depends on the sense, not being introduced by a verb.
Actium--a promontory in Acarnania in N. Greece.
par—‘a match.’