Chapter 20 Vocabulary
aurīga, -ae, m., charioteer, driver
bene, well celebrō, celebrāre, to celebrate circus, -ī, m., circus crās, tomorrow |
forum, -ī, n., forum, marketplace; Forum (specifically the Forum in Rome)
inquit, he/she/it says, said maneō, manēre, to remain servō, servāre, to save, protect |
Chapter 20 Derivatives
celebrāre: celebrate, celebrant, celebration
manēre: manor, mansion, permanent, remain, remainder |
servāre: servant, observatory, conserve, reserve, preserve, reservoir, conservation, reservation
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LŪCIUS ET AULUS
Try hitting the "Highlighted Story" tab. This will highlight the noun cases we've learned in different colors. Use this key to help you translate the chapter story!
Nominative Case (Subjects)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Genitive Case (Possession)
Dative Case (Indirect Objects)
Accusative Case (Direct Objects/Prepositional Phrases)
Ablative Case (Prepositional Phrases)
Vocative Case (Directly Addressing Someone
Locative Case (Location)
Latin Text
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Hodiē Lūcius et Aulus in hortō cum Cornēlio et Tulliā sedent. Parvī puerī ibi lūdunt. "Crās, meī fīliī, Rōmam ambulābō," inquit Cornēlius. "Nōnne tū quoque, Lūcī, ambulābis?" "Ego libenter ambulābō, sī Aulus ambulābit," respondet Lūcius. "Bene! Bene! Crās nōs Rōmam ambulābimus!" clāmat Aulus. "Quō crās ambulābitis?" rogat Tullia. "Puerī Rōmam ambulābunt," respondet Cornēlius. "Quid, Aule, Rōmae vidēbis?" rogat Tullia. "Forum Rōmānum vidēbō," respondet Aulus. "Fortasse lūdōs in Circō Maximō vidēbimus," clāmat Lūcius. "Certē," inquit Cornēlius, "puerī lūdōs Rōmānōs vidēbunt, Tullia, quod nunc Rōmae lūdī celebrantur." "Lūdōs amō," clāmat Lūcius. "Adultus ego aurīga erō!" "Tū aurīga eris et ego poēta erō; fābulās dē aurīgīs nārrābō," clāmat Aulus. "Crāsne erit Mārcus Rōmae?" rogat Tullia. "Rōmae erunt multī virī et fēminae quod lūdī celebrantur. Fortasse Mārcus ibi erit," respondet Cornēlius. "Fortasse Mārcum vidēbimus," clāmant puerī et in domicilium properant. "Nōnne nōs quoque Rōmam ambulābimus?" rogant Pūblius et Servius. "Vōs, parvī puerī, domī manēbitis; ā Tulliā docēbiminī," respondet Cornēlius. "Tū, Tullia, ā parvīs puerīs servāberis. Dōna Rōmā portābuntur. Fortasse, meī fīliī parvī, ā Tulliā laudābiminī. Tum bonīs puerīs dōna dabō." "Ā Pūbliō et Serviō bene servābor," clāmat Tullia. "Bonī erimus," clāmant Pūblius et Servius. "Ā Tulliā, vērō, laudābimur. Portā multa dōna." Hodiē Lūcius et Aulus in hortō cum Cornēlio et Tulliā sedent. Parvī puerī ibi lūdunt. "Crās, meī fīliī, Rōmam ambulābō," inquit Cornēlius. "Nōnne tū quoque, Lūcī, ambulābis?" "Ego libenter ambulābō, sī Aulus ambulābit," respondet Lūcius. "Bene! Bene! Crās nōs Rōmam ambulābimus!" clāmat Aulus. "Quō crās ambulābitis?" rogat Tullia. "Puerī Rōmam ambulābunt," respondet Cornēlius. "Quid, Aule, Rōmae vidēbis?" rogat Tullia. "Forum Rōmānum vidēbō," respondet Aulus. "Fortasse lūdōs in Circō Maximō vidēbimus," clāmat Lūcius. "Certē," inquit Cornēlius, "puerī lūdōs Rōmānōs vidēbunt, Tullia, quod nunc Rōmae lūdī celebrantur." "Lūdōs amō," clāmat Lūcius. "Adultus ego aurīga erō!" "Tū aurīga eris et ego poēta erō; fābulās dē aurīgīs nārrābō," clāmat Aulus. "Crāsne erit Mārcus Rōmae?" rogat Tullia. "Rōmae erunt multī virī et fēminae quod lūdī celebrantur. Fortasse Mārcus ibi erit," respondet Cornēlius. "Fortasse Mārcum vidēbimus," clāmant puerī et in domicilium properant. "Nōnne nōs quoque Rōmam ambulābimus?" rogant Pūblius et Servius. "Vōs, parvī puerī, domī manēbitis; ā Tulliā docēbiminī," respondet Cornēlius. "Tū, Tullia, ā parvīs puerīs servāberis. Dōna Rōmā portābuntur. Fortasse, meī fīliī parvī, ā Tulliā laudābiminī. Tum bonīs puerīs dōna dabō." "Ā Pūbliō et Serviō bene servābor," clāmat Tullia. "Bonī erimus," clāmant Pūblius et Servius. "Ā Tulliā, vērō, laudābimur. Portā multa dōna." |
Translation Video |
LŪCIUS ET AULUS: Discussion
- In the conversation in the first paragraph, to what time do the forms of the verb ambulo refer? Read the forms as they occur in the conversation. How are these forms made? How do they differ from the forms of the imperfect tense? These are future forms of the verb ambulo. The future indicative active of ambulo is formed by adding the tense sign of the future "-bi-" to the present stem "ambulā-", and then adding the personal endings. Note that the tense sign is combined with the ending to form "-bo" in the first person singular, and that the tense sign is "-bu-" in the third person plural; as, ambulābo, ambulābunt.
- In the second paragraph are found several forms of the future tense of the verb video. To what conjugation does this verb belong? What is the tense sign? The future tense of video is formed in the same way as the future tense of ambulo.\
- To form the future active indicative of verbs of the first and second conjugations, add the tense sign "-bi-" to the present stem, and then add the personal endings. Notice carefully the variation in the first person singular and the third person plural.
- In the third and fourth paragraphs are found several forms of the future tense of the verb sum. Do these forms use the tense sign "-bi-". How do they differ from the imperfect tense of the same verb?
- In the fifth paragraph, several passive forms of the future tense are given. They are made like the active forms of the future tense, except that the passive personal endings are used instead of the active ones. These endings are added to the future tense sign just as the active endings are. Note, however, that the first person singular ends in "-bor," and the second person singular in "-beris." The vowel of the tense sign in the future tense is always short.
- Memorize the following paradigms. Translate as I shall carry, you will carry etc., in the active; and I shall be carried, you will be carried, etc., in the passive
Grammar Notes
Quick Review: What exactly is a Tense?
Have you ever heard the phrase "present tense" or "future tense?" Of course! But what does it mean? The word "tense" is derived from the Latin word "tempus," meaning "time." Therefore, the "tense" of a verb is just the time at which the action happened. Just like in English, we have different tenses to show different times that actions occur. Imagine trying to tell someone about an action in the past if we didn't have different tenses-- it would be impossible!
So far, we have worked with the Present and Imperfect Tense, so all the actions we have read about have been happening either in the present moment or in the past. In this chapter, though, we are going to expand our possibilities by introducing a new tense called the "Future" tense.
So far, we have worked with the Present and Imperfect Tense, so all the actions we have read about have been happening either in the present moment or in the past. In this chapter, though, we are going to expand our possibilities by introducing a new tense called the "Future" tense.
Present TenseThe Present Tense is used to describe actions that are happening right now -- in other words, in the present moment. In Latin, this tense uses the verb endings "-ō, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt." To form the Present Tense, we go to the Infinitive, drop the "-re," possibly change a vowel around, then add our endings.
To review the Present Tense, click the button below to jump to Ch. 11 (1st/2nd Conjugation) or 17 (3rd/4th Conjugation)! |
Imperfect TenseThe Imperfect Tense is used to describe actions that happened in the past over a period of time. These past actions did not happen all at once, but took time to happen. One way to think about the Imperfect Tense is that it's like watching a movie of your 5th birthday -- you are watching past actions over time. In Latin, this tense uses the infix "-ba-" and is following by the verb endings "-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt." To form the Imperfect Tense, we go to the Infinitive, drop the "-re," possibly change a vowel around, add our "-ba-" infix, then add our endings.
To review the Imperfect Tense, click the button below to jump to Ch. 19! |
The Future Tense
Like the name implies, the Future tense is used to describe actions that have not happened yet but will happen at a later time. In English, we translate the Future tense as "will _____________" (ex. "I will walk"). In Latin, the way we form the Future Tense is a bit tricky because it depends on what conjugation your verb belongs to. Depending on the conjugation, we do 2 different things. In this chapter, we will start with just the 1st/2nd Conjugation Future Tense process.
Future Tense: 1st/2nd Conjugation ("-āre"/"-ēre") -- Active Voice
When you are using a 1st or 2nd Conjugation verb, the Future Tense is actually pretty easy, as it follows the same process as Imperfect Tense, just with a different infix. Here are the steps to form the Future Tense with a 1st/2nd Conjugation verb:
1) Go to the Infinitive and drop the "-re" ending to get your Present Stem 2) Add the infix "-bō-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bu-" 3) Add your personal endings: "-s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt" *Note that you do NOT need to add any ending for 1st Person Singular, since the Future Tense infix already ends in an "-ō" Here are a few examples: |
"Conjugation" ReminderRemember, we can tell the "Conjugation" of a verb by how it's Infinitive is spelled! -āre = 1st Conjugation -ēre = 2nd Conjugation -ere = 3rd Conjugation -īre = 4th Conjugation |
Passive Voice: Future Tense (1st/2nd Conjugation)
The rules for verb conjugation in the Future Tense are:
1. Go to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and drop the "-re" -- this gives you the "Present Stem"
*At this point, the next steps are dependent on what conjugation the verb belongs to!
For 1st/2nd Conjugation Verbs:
1. Add the infix "-bo-, -be-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bu-"
2. Add your Passive Voice endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)
1. Go to the Infinitive (the 2nd Principal Part of the verb) and drop the "-re" -- this gives you the "Present Stem"
*At this point, the next steps are dependent on what conjugation the verb belongs to!
For 1st/2nd Conjugation Verbs:
1. Add the infix "-bo-, -be-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bu-"
2. Add your Passive Voice endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur)
Irregular Verb "Esse" -- Future Tense
Remember that some verbs (in Latin and English) do not follow the normal rules of regular verbs. Therefore, we call these "irregular" verbs. So far, we have encountered one irregular verb: "esse" ("to be"). Since it is irregular, it does not use the "-bo-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bi-, -bu-" infix in the Future tense. Instead, it uses the stem "er-," followed by the same vowel pattern (o, i, i, i, i, u), which is easy to spot once you get used to it!
Check out the table below to see Esse in the Future Tense and make sure you memorize these forms!
Check out the table below to see Esse in the Future Tense and make sure you memorize these forms!
Hi Paws...
If you're looking for something to help you with Present, Imperfect and Future Tense verb conjugation, check out the HiPaws videos below! Fair warning, they will stick in your head...
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Chapter 20 Grammar Exercises
Grammar Exercise 1:
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Follow the instructions for each activity below. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
I. Give the English translation of the following verb forms:
timēberis, vocābiminī, erō, habēbit, dēlectābunt, tenēbis, docēbitur, erimus, eritis, monēbor, sedēbitis, clāmābō II. Give the Latin for the following verb forms: I shall fear, he will be called, we shall be delighted, you will hold, you will be seen, they will be, you will be taught, I shall be praised, you will be cared for, they will ask III. Give the present and imperfect tenses of the above verbs in the indicated person and number. |
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Grammar Exercise 2
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
Write the following sentences in Latin. Check the Answer Key when you are done!
1. Tomorrow the boys will walk to Rome.
2. "You, Servius, will stay at home with Publius."
3. "I, too," says Tullia, "shall be at home with the little boys."
4. "You will be well protected by the children, won't you, Tullia?"
5. Tullia will be praised by the little boys.
6. Gifts will be given to the children by Cornelius.
7. We shall hurry to the Forum and shall see our friends there.
8. The games will be celebrated in the Circus Maximus.
9. Many beautiful horses will be seen by Lucius and Aulus.
10. There will be a great number of famous charioteers.
2. "You, Servius, will stay at home with Publius."
3. "I, too," says Tullia, "shall be at home with the little boys."
4. "You will be well protected by the children, won't you, Tullia?"
5. Tullia will be praised by the little boys.
6. Gifts will be given to the children by Cornelius.
7. We shall hurry to the Forum and shall see our friends there.
8. The games will be celebrated in the Circus Maximus.
9. Many beautiful horses will be seen by Lucius and Aulus.
10. There will be a great number of famous charioteers.
Magistrula Practice
Click the link below to open a Magistrula practice set for this chapter. Just hit "BEGIN" and you're all set!
Chapter 20 Sentence Translation Practice (Specifically Future Tense: Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 20 Sentence Translation Practice (Everything So Far)
Chapter 20 Future Tense Verb Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 20 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense; Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 20 Noun Ending Chart Practice
Chapter 20 Sentence Translation Practice (Specifically Future Tense: Active/Passive Voice)
Chapter 20 Sentence Translation Practice (Everything So Far)
Chapter 20 Future Tense Verb Conjugation Practice (Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 20 Verb Conjugation Practice (Present, Imperfect and Future Tense; Active and Passive Voice)
Chapter 20 Noun Ending Chart Practice